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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Ctjap ©ojnjrig^i Jhi. 

IK la 6 2- 5 

shelf y.rJlu^ 

— -^7 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A CLASS BOOK 



OF 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT 



STATE OF IOWA. 



DESIGNED AS A 



TEXT BOOK FOR THE COMMON SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, HIGH SCHOOLS 

AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING THROUGHOUT THE 

STATE, AND AS AN AID TO TEACHERS IN MAKING 

BETTER PREPARATION FOR SCHOOL ROOM WORK. 

\ 









N. ROSENBERGER, 



FORMER PRINCIPAL OF PLEASANT PLAIN ACADEMY, AND COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT 

OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. ^>* ' "" '\ "W^ 



CHICAGO:**^*"' 

GEO. SHERWOOD & CO. 

\ 



s 



■ r$-\ 



COPYRIGHT, 1885, 
By GEO. SHERWOOD & CO. 



R. R. DONNELLEY & SOX8, THE LAKESIDE PRESS, CHICAGO, ILL. 



PREFACE. 



In a representative form of government, the in- 
telligence of the masses is the surest guarantee of order, 
stability and peace. These conditions present, under 
such a form of government we may confidently ex- 
pect the highest degree of individual and National 
progress and prosperity. That^ which is true of the 
Nation in that respect is true of the State. Of all 
that goes to make up the intelligence of the masses, 
a knowledge of the practical workings of our civil 
government is the substance of it all. The object of 
the present work is to place within the reach of the 
youth of Iowa such a knowledge of its civil government. 
The purpose has chiefly been to deal with the essentials 
and leave the acquirement of matters in detail to 
the investigation and experience of riper years. 

It is only the teacher who is thoroughly alive to 
his work, and equally master of the subject, that 
can make the study of this branch most attractive 
and successful. It is impossible in a work of this 
kind to preserve accuracy and yet make all the state- 
ments plain, simple, and easy to be understood by the 
pupil. And herein is the great necessity for explana- 
tions and illustrations on the part of the teacher. 

Also, many things must be inserted in order to 
make the work complete which the pupil should 
carefully read but no attempt should be made to com- 
mit them. The teacher who is careful in the preparation 
of the lessons will avoid any unnecessary work in 



8 PREFACE. 

this direction on the part of the pupils. By skillful 
management, this study of Civil Government may be 
made delightful and interesting to the boys and girls in 
the common schools, and to the older pupils of the 
academies and high schools. The greatest good will be 
secured by making the class exercise one of familiar 
conversation and discussion instead of following the old 
fashioned question and answer method of recitation. 

Division V is intended rather for general information 
and reference on the political status of the State than for 
study and recitation by the pupil. 

In the preparation of this work, I have been greatly 
assisted by the aid and suggestions of Rollin J. Wilson, 
Esq., of the Fairfield Bar. 
Fairfield, Iowa. 

December 29th, 1884. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



LESSON I. 

Page. 

Origin of the Federal Government 15 

LESSON II. 

Relations Existing Retween the Federal and State Governments. 18 

Relations Existing Between the States 19 

Local Self Government _. _ 19 

LESSON III. 
Iowa Before Becoming a State 20 

LESSON IV. 
State Organization.. _ 25 

LESSON Y. 
Bill of Rights _ 29 

LESSON VI. 

An Outline of the Civil Government of Iowa 35, 36 

Distribution of Powers 36 

State _ 37 

LESSON VII. 

Legislative Department _ 39 

The General Assembly 39 

LESSON VIII. 
Provisions Common to Both Houses 44 



10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

LESSON IX. 

Page. 

General Provisions 49 

LESSON X. 

: 1 1 i ve Department 54 

Governor 54 

LESSON XI. 

Executive Department — Continued 58 

Governor — Continued 58 

Lieutenant Governor 63 

LESSON XII. 

Executi ve Department — Continued 64 

Secretary of State __ _ — 64 

Auditor of State- __ _ 66 

Treasurer __ 67 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 67 

LESSON XIII. 

K xecutive Department — Continued 69 

Officers Appointed by the Governor _ 69 

LESSON XIV. 

Executive Department — Continued 73 

Officers Appointed by the Governor— Continued.. . 73 

General Provisions - - - 75 

The Executive Council .- 75 

LESSON XV. 

Judicial Department 78 

The Supreme Court 78 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 11 

Page. 

Officers of this Court 79 

Attorney General. 79 

Clerk of the Supreme Court _ 80 

Reporter of the Supreme Court 80 



LESSON XVI. 

Judicial Department — Continued 82 

District Court - -- 82 

Circuit Court. - - 83 

Provisions Relating to the District and Circuit Courts 83 

Provisions Relating to Judges of all the Courts 84 



LESSON XVII. 

Judicial Department — Continued 86 

Officers of these Courts. 86 

District Attorney 86 

Clerk „., - - _ 87 

Short Hand Reporter 88 

Sheriff 88 



LESSON XVIII. 

The Jury System 89 

Reference Table _ 93, 94 

Annual Salaries of Officers 93, 94 



LESSON XIX. 

Civil Government of the County 95 

The Outline. _ 95 

County __ 95 

Legislative _ 96 

Board of Supervisors. 96 

Executive 97 

Board of Supervisors .,., 97 



12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

LESSON XX 

Page. 

Civil Government of the County — Continued.. _ __. 99 

Hoard of Supervisors — Continued _ 99 

County Treasurer _ 100 

County Auditor _ 102 

County Superintendent- - 103 

LESSON XXI. 

Civil Government of the County — Continued 104 

County Clerk 104 

Sheriff of the County 105 

County Recorder 106 

County Surveyor _ 106 

Coroner 107 



LESSON XXII. 

Civil Goverment of the County — Continued 108 

Officers Appointed 108 

Commissioners of Insanity 108 

Genera] Provisions 109 

Judicial Department 110 



LESSON XXIII. 

Civil Government of the Township.. 112 

The Outline.. 112 

Township 112 

dative 113 

Township Trustees 113 

School Board _ 113 

utive 114 

Township Trustees 114 

Township Clerk 114 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13 

LESSON XXIV. 

Page 

Civil Government of the Township — Continued. 115 

Executive Officers — Continued 115 

Township Assessor. 115 

Constable 116 

Road Supervisor. - 116 

School Officers. 117 

LESSON XXV. 

Civil Government of the Township — Continued- 121 

School Officers— Continued _ 121 

Sub-Director _..""... 121 

Teacher 122 

General Provisions 122 

Judicial 123 

Justices of the Peace 123 

LESSON XXVI. 

Civil Government of Cities and Towns 125 

The Outline 125 

Cities and Towns 125 

Legislative. 126 

City or Town Council 126 

General Provisions ...^ ... 127 

LESSON XXVII. 

Civil Government of Cities and Towns — Continued 129 

Executive 129 

Mayor 129 

Assessor _ _ 129 

Marshal _ 130 

Treasurer 130 

Clerk or Recorder . 130 

Other Officers 131 

Jud icial Department 131 

Mayor's Court 131 

Police Court __ 132 

Superior Court 132 



14 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

LESSON XXVIII. 

Page. 

im of Surveys 133 

LESSON XXIX. 

State Institutions 139 

State University 139 

Agricultural College and Farm 141 

State Normal School. 142 

LESSON XXX. 

State Institutions— Continued 144 

Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. 144 

College for the Blind. 145 

Soldiers' Orphans' Home 146 

Hospital for the Insane 147 

LESSON XXXI. 

State Institutions — Continued 149 

Asylum f<Hf Feeble-Minded Children 149 

Reform School 150 

Penitentiaries 151 

Bonds of the Treasurers of State Institutions 152 

LESSON XXXII. 

Mi>eellaneous Information 154 

Iowa's Governors __ 154 

Iowa's Representatives in the Congress of the United States... 155 

J i id nes of the Supreme Court 157 

LESSON XXXIII. 

Miscellaneous Information — Continued _ 158 

Iowa's Senators 158 

The Electoral College. 159 

General Questions __ 162 

Constitution of the State 167 

Constitution of the United States 186 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



DIVISION ONE. 



LESSON I. 

ORIGIN OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 

1. The early settlers of this country were earnest in 
Local self -gov- their desire for local self-government. 

emment. However, they soon found that something 

more powerful was needed. A union which lasted for 
forty years was effected as early as 1643. It w r as known 
as the " United Colonies of New England." Its object 
was mutual protection to the colonists. Other such 
unions were formed, for in them were both strength and 
safety. 

2. And it is no wonder when British oppression 
Need of stronger became so great, and a more centralized 

Government. government was needed, that delegates 

from all the colonies but one assembled at the call of 
Massachusetts, and, as the First Continental Congress, 
issued that memorable Bill of Rights ; and, subsequently, 
as the Second Continental Congress, adopted the Articles 
of Confederation. With this instrument, however weak 
it may have been, the colonists, * ; united by the ties of 
common interest, by the sense of common danger, and 
by the necessities of a common cause," freed themselves 
from the oppressions of the most powerful nation in the 
world. 

15 



16 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

At the close of the Revolutionary War, each State was 
wmknea of the sovereign and independent. They were all 
confederation. un j te d into one nation by the Articles of 
Confederation. Under these Articles, Congress could 
declare war, but had no power to force a single soldier 
into the field to defend the country ; it could make treat- 
ies but had no power to enforce them. The soldiers 
demanded pay for their services on the field, but Con- 
gress had not a dollar for them, nor power to levy taxes; 
commerce was destroyed, but Congress could take no 
measures to build it up; some of the colonies became em- 
bittered against each other, but, since they were sover- 
eign and independent, Congress had no control over 
them. In fact, while Congress could declare almost 
everything, it could enforce nothing. It had no coer- 
cive power. Its laws were without penal sanction. And 
thus this league of the colonies, this confederation of 
states, had given birth neither to common country, flag, 
nor citizenship. 

i. Such a government with no more than a shadow 
Resmt of sueh of sovereignty could not long exist. The 
rnion - result was easily foretold. The Federal 

authority so weak, not respected abroad, an object of 
jealousy at home, the states even jealous of one another 
and fast becoming rivals; one could scarcely mistake 
the result which must follow. Before, they had fought 
shoulder to shoulder through the desperate struggle ; 
they had vied with each other on the bloodiest field; but 
no longer "threatened by a common danger and a com- 
mon enemy and united by a common cause," they were 
menaced by the deadliest of foes— an enemy at home. 
The statesmen saw the impending fate, this " perpetual 



ORIGIN OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 17 

union between the states " broken — thirteen petty col- 
onies instead of one grand nation. 

5. It was a time of general depression. Some even 
our present con- proposed to make General Washington 

stitution. king, but he wisely spurned the proposi- 

tion. Virginia was the first to act, and requested the 
colonies to call a convention to revise the Articles of 
Confederation. Delegates met at Philadelphia for this 
purpose, but soon found it best to drop the revision and 
adopt an entirely new constitution. This assembly, 
known as the Constitutional Convention of 1787, was 
one of the wisest bodies of which history gives us any 
account. After months of earnest debate the present in- 
strument was agreed upon, and finally ratified by all the 
colonies. George Washington was elected President, and 
took the oath of office April 30th, 1789. This was the 
beginning of the Federal Government of the United 
States. 

6. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. 
constitution De- In the main > & secures one's rights as a 

flned - citizen and points out his duties as a sub- 

ject. No statute enacted by the Legislative bodies, in 
violation of the Constitution, can be enforced. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State what is said about local self-government. 

2. What union was formed ? 

3. Why was such union necessary ? 

4. What of other such unions ? 

5. What did the First Continental Congress do ? 

6. The Second? 

7. State what is said about the colonists freeing them- 
selves. 



18 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

8. What irere the defects of the Articles of Confed- 
eration I 

9. State fully why the government failed under these 
Articles. 

10. State all that is said about the formation and 
adoption of our present Federal Constitution. 

11. What is the Constitution ? 



LESSON II. 

RELATIONS EXISTING BETWEEN THE FEDERAL 
AND STATE GOVERNMENT. 

7. The Federal Government has such powers and only 
Federal Power, such as are delegated to it by the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. These powers 

are either enumerated in the Constitution or arise from 
necessary implication from its terms. This is the gen- 
eral rule that is adhered to in cases Avhere it is required 
to determine whether the authority to do a certain thing 
belongs to the United States or to the State. No human 
intellect could possibly have determined every means 
which the National Government must adopt in the proper 
administration of these powers. So, in the interpretation 
of that instrument the following principle is constantly 
kept in view. A power conferred implies the right 
to adopt measures necessary for its effective execution. 

8. The State has any power not prohibited from it 

by the Federal Constitution. Powers not 

enumerated are delegated to the State. 

This reservation was made to prohibit the Federal Gov- 



FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 19 

ernment from assuming powers other than those enu- 
merated as belonging to it. The people were jealous of 
Congress. There was great fear that the National Gov- 
ernment would increase her strength at the expense of 
the states. 

Relations Existing Between the States. 

9. While to a certain extent, the states are subject to 
sovereign; mde- tlie Federal Government, yet in the admin- 

pendent. istration of affairs which are properly their 

own, they are sovereigns, and in their relations to each 
other they are independent. Just as friendly neighbors 
assist each other, so does one State extend mutual aid to 
other states. But in no sense is one subject to the other. 

Local Self-Government. 

10. The local self-government which the colonists so 
Power of thePeo- strongly desired in the settlement of this 

ple - country was recognized in framing the 

Constitution, and forms the leading feature in the admin- 
istration of the State governments.. Here the people 
are closely connected with all political affairs and form 
" the power behind the throne." Kings they are indeed. 
It is true that changes in the Constitution are not fre- 
quent, and that this instrument can be altered only by 
certain regulations. But every department of the gov- 
ernment is closely connected with the interests of the 
people ; the officers are frequently changed ; if certain 
laws are demanded a General Assembly may be chosen 
which will enact them ; if reform is necessary, it may 
be effected by the voters at the ballot box. 

11. But local self-government is fully secured by the 
The Fullest Local division of the State into counties, town-" 

Self-Government. ^^ ^^ an( j towM# j n ^ adminis . 



20 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

(ration of these local affairs, the people should take the 
greatest interest and see that men elected to office 
are well qualified for the positions which are to be filled; 
men who will execute the laws to the best of their 

ability. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What powers has the Federal Government? 

2. How do we determine what these powers are ? 

3. In what case is this rule observed ? 

4. Could the means which the National Government 
must adopt be determined at that time? 

5. What principle is kept in view ? 

6. What power has the State ? 

7. Why was this reservation made? 

8. What relations exist between the states ? 

9. Is one subject to the other ? 

10. What forms the leading feature in the administra- 
tion of the State government ? 

11. What relations exist between the people and local 
political affairs ? 

12. What of changes in the Constitution? 

13. How may changes and reforms be effected? 

14. How is local self-government fully secured ? 

15. Why should the people take great interest in local 
affairs ! 



LESSON III. 

IOWA BEFORE BECOMING A STATE. 

12. French missionaries in sailing down the Father 
of Waters, in 1673, discovered the region 

Early Discoveries. ,. , . . T /% XT , 

of which Iowa forms a part. Hence, by 



IOWA BEFORE BECOMING A STATE. 21 

right of discovery, the French Government claimed this 
region. In 1763, she ceded all her possessions west of 
the Mississippi to Spain. In the year 1800, after Napo- 
leon had overthrown the government of France and 
taken control of affairs, it came again into the possession 
of the French. 

13. In the year 1803, almost at the beginning of 
Louisiana Pur- Thomas Jefferson's administration, the 

chase. United States bought from France that 

vast territory known as the Louisiana Purchase, of which 
Iowa formed a part. It contained over a million square 
miles, and was a remarkably cheap purchase; costing 
the Government fifteen million dollars, or less than two 
and a half cents per acre. It included all the territory* 
west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, and 
extended from New Mexico to the British Possessions 
on the north. Out of it have been carved five states 
and four territories, and parts of three states and three 
territories. 

14. In 1788, a Frenchman named Dubuque obtained 

from the Foxes a lease of land for mining 

Early Settlements. T 

purposes. Lead had been discovered along 
the Mississippi in the region where Dubuque now stands. 
Here was Dubuque's claim, which included almost all 
the lead-producing lands in that vicinity ; it covered 
an area of a hundred and twenty thousand acres or 

*Our best historians differ as to the extent of the territory 
contained in this purchase. Some claim that it includes nearly 
all the region between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean; while 
others believe that it extends no further west than to the Rocky 
Mountains. On this point Mr. Greenhow makes the following state- 
ment: " Tn the absence of all light on the subject from history, we 
are forced to regard the boundaries indicated by nature, namely, the 
highlands separating the waters of the Mississippi from those flowing 
into the Pacific, as the true western boundaries of the Louisiana 
ceded to the United States by France in 1803." 



'2'2 UTVTL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

more, and was commonly known as the "Dubuque Lead 
Mines.' 1 

1. In 1795, Basil Giard obtained a grant of five thou- 

sand eight hundred and sixty acres in what 

Basil Giard. . ™ ,* tt . i . 

is now Clayton County. He occupied it 
for many years and finally received a patent for it from 
the Federal Government. 

2. Honori, in 1799. obtained a grant of land where 

the town of Montrose now stands and took 
immediate possession, retaining it till 1805. 

3. Prior to the purchase of this territory by the 

United States, a fur trader had a trading 

Traders. 

post close to the present site of Burling- 
ton. In 1820, another post was established at Sandusky. 

4. The first settler in Lee County was Dr. Muir, a 
Dr. Muir. oth- surgeon in the United States army. In 

er8, 1830, two brothers by the name of Lang- 

worthy settled in the lead mining business near Du- 
buque. These brothers, with a few others, were forced 
by the Government to withdraw from their claims be- 
cause they were on territory belonging to the Indians. 
But after a treaty had been entered into, they returned, 
and made the first permanent settlement in that part of 
Iowa on June 1st, 1833. Not a few others could be 
named who settled in the counties along the Mississippi, 
in the " far west," and underwent all the hardships that 
those must undergo who march to the front in the pro- 
gress of civilization. 

15. Many settlers pushed across the Mississippi and 
found homes in the new country. Several 
treaties were made with the Indians. 
Among: those most noted was one with Black Hawk for 



"O 



about six million acres of land. Another, was with the 



IOWA BEFORE BECOMING A STATE. 23 

Sac and Foxes, in which the Indians made a reservation 
of more than a hundred thousand acres for the half- 
breeds. This reservation was a source of constant 
trouble to the Government. In 1842, another treaty 
was made by which the Government should obtain pos- 
session of this tract on the first day of May, 1843.* 
Settlers were prevented from entering the reservation 
prior to that date ; the land still belonging to the Gov- 
ernment, and was unsurveyed. But hundreds of fami- 
lies encamped along the line waiting for the last hour to 

* These tribes at this time had their principal village at Ottum- 
wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that 
the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration 
to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made, 
near the Indian boundary, waiting for the first day of May. As the 
clay approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line and 
their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military 
expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but 
the United States military authorities had prevented any settlements 
or even the marking out of claims by any monuments whatever. 

To aid them in marking out their claims when the hour should 
arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, 
at convenient distances, and a short time* before twelve o'clock on the 
night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight 
hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms The 
night was dark, but this army of occupation pressed forward, torch 
in hand, with axe and hatchet blazing lines with all manner 
of curves and angles, When daylight came and revealed the confu- 
sion of the wonderful surve} r s, numerous disputes arose, settled gen- 
erally by compromise, but sometimes by violence. Between mid- 
night of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one 
thousand families had settled on their new purchase. 

While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were en- 
acting one more impressive and melancholy. The winter of 1842-43 
was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disap- 
proved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the winter to the 
anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many 
religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the 
time for leaving Ottumwa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the 
Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; 
and when their cavalcade was put in motion toward the setting sun, 
there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire pro- 
cession. — Judge Nourse's Centennial Address. 



24 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

expire, that they might enter first and choose their 
claims. 

16. It was not long till a temporary government was 

established over this new possession. 

When the purchase was divided into the 
Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, Iowa 
belonged to the latter. The District was soon placed 
under the jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana, and 
early in the year 1805, it was made the Territory of 
Louisiana with a government of its own. This went 
into effect on July 4th, of that year. In 1807, Iowa 
was included in the Territory of Illinois ; in 1812, in the 
Territory of Missouri ; from the admission of Missouri 
as a State, it was a " political orphan" until 1834, when 
it became a part of the Territory of Michigan ; in 1836, 
it was included in the Territory of Wisconsin, and re- 
mained there until Wisconsin was admitted as a State. 

17. In 1838, the United States Government passed a 

bill establishing the Territorial Govern- 

A Territory. 

ment of Iowa, which went into effect 
July 3rd. 

18. The Territorial Legislature consisted of a House 

of Representatives of twenty-six members 
and a Council of thirteen members. The 
first session was held at Burlington and was bitter and 
exciting. The Governor was vested with a veto power 
which was so unlimited that he almost controlled legis- 
lation. This power was afterward restricted. 

19. The first Governor was Robert Lucas of Ohio, 

who was appointed by President Van Bu- 

ren in 1838. When the Whig party came 

into power in 1841, President Harrison appointed John 

Chambers to the Governorship. In 1845, James Clark 



STATE ORGANIZATION. 25 

was made Governor and served till Iowa became a State 
and elected the Chief Executive by a vote of the people. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who discovered Iowa ? 

2. By what right did the French claim this territory ? 

3. Under whose control did it afterward come? 

4. State what is said about the Louisiana Purchase. 

5. What is said about early settlement? Of Basil 
Giard ? Honori ? Traders ? Dr. Muir and others ? 

6. What of important treaties made with the Indians ( 

7. State what is said of the last one ? , 

8. Recite what you can from Judge Nourse's Centen- 
nial Address. 

9. What changes in government did the territory now 
known as Iowa undergo ? 

10. When did it become a Territory ? 

11. Of what did the Legislature consist ? 

12. How many members were in each body I 

13. What of the first session ? 

14. Tell all you can about the Territorial Governors. 



LESSON IV. 

STATE ORGANIZATION. 

20. On the 7th of October, 1844, the people of this 

constitutional Territory, by a convention of delegates 

convention. ca]led for that purpose, met at Iowa City 

and framed a Constitution, which was forwarded to the 

Delegate in Congress by the Hon. Shepherd Leffler. 



2ft CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

This Delegate submitted it to Congress, by whom it was 
approved. In 1S45, this body passed an act making the 
Territory a State, and at the same time changed the 
northern and western boundaries. This change was un- 
satisfactory to the people of the Territory and, at the 
election in April, they rejected the Constitution. Con- 
gress afterward repealed the obnoxious features and, in 
1846, a new Constitution was presented to the people ; 
on August 3d of the same year, it was ratified by a small 
majority of the popular vote. On the 28th of December 
following, Iowa was admitted into the Union of states, 
and the twentieth star appeared on our National banner. 
21. At the time of the admission of Iowa there were 
twenty-seven organized counties within her 

Iowa a State. 

borders; the total population was almost 
one hundred thousand, and the eager settles with cease- 
less tread had nearly reached the Missouri River. A 
Governor, Auditor, Secretary, and Treasurer of State, 
with members of the Legislature, were elected, and 
the first session of the General Assembly opened Novem- 
ber 30th, 1840, at Iowa City — almost a month before 
the State was admitted into the Union. It was com- 
posed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. 
The question of locating the capital farther west was the 
cause of much warm discussion. Commissioners were 
appointed who immediately entered upon the duty of 
selecting a location nearer the center of the State. The 
first site selected was in Jasper County, where the 
town of Monroe now stands. The selection was ap- 
proved but afterward repealed, and the General Assem- 
bly continued to meet at Iowa City. But in 1855, a bill 
was passed which located the capital where it is now 
situated. The temporary State House being completed, 



STATE ORGANIZATION. 27 

on the 19th of October, 1857, the Governor declared 
Des Moines to be the capital, and the work of moving* 
thither began at once. 

22. A revision of the Constitution was completed on 
March 5th, 1857, and was approved and adopted by the 
people on August 3d by a vote of 40,311 against 38,681. 

constitutional Since that time it has remained unchanged 
convention of 1857. exce pt by amendments adopted by a vote 
of the people, submitted to them in accordance with the 
provisions of the Constitution. Section 3, Article X, 
of the amendments of the Constitution, provides that the 
question of revision should be submitted to an election 
of the people in 1870, and the same must be done each 
tenth year thereafter, and at such other times as the 
General Assembly may by law provide. The question is 
stated as follows: fci Shall there be a convention to 
revise the Constitution and amend the same i " 

23. " Schools and the means of education shall for- 
Encouragement ever ^ e encouraged," is a declaration found 

to Education. in tlie ordinance of 1787, regarding the 
territory northwest of the Ohio River. In the history 
of our own State we find no less devotion to this 
great power in civilization. On her admission to the 
Union she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land, 
a grant made by the Federal Government and approved 

* One authority thus describes the removal : " It was an under- 
taking of no small magnitude; there was not a mile of railroad to 
facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. 
Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties; 
and it was not until December that the last of the effects— the safe of 
the State Treasurer, loaded on two large ''bob-sleds'' — drawn by ten 
yoke of oxen, was deposited in the new capital. It is not imprudent 
now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across 
rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the 
several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual 
funds, however." 



28 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

in L841, And again, in her admission as a State, the 
sixteenth section of land in every township was granted 
to her for school purposes. There was a grant made to 
the University amounting to 45,957 acres, and one to 
the Agricultural College and Farm amounting to 240,000 
acres. 

24. All school lands and funds are under the control 
Management. Per °f the General Assembly, which must en- 
pemai school Fmd - courage, by all suitable means, the promo- 
tion of intellectual, moral, and agricultural improvement. 
The proceeds of all the lands granted by the United 
States to this State for school purposes, the estates of 
all persons dying without a will or an heir, and such per 
cent as has been granted by Congress on the sale of all 
lands in the State must remain a perpetual fund for the 
support of the common schools. To this permanent 
fund is added money received for exemption from mili- 
tary duty, and the proceeds of all fines collected for a 
breach of the penal laws. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State what is said about the first constitutional 
convention and the admission of Iowa as a State. 

2. What change in boundaries did Congress make ? 

3. What did this body afterward do ? 

4. When was Iowa admitted as a State ? 

5. At this time how many organized counties were 
there ? 

6. What was the population ? 

7. What officers were elected \ 

8. When and where was the first session of the Gen- 
eral Assembly opened ? 

9. How many members were there in each body ? 



BILL OF RIGHTS. 29 

10. What leading question arose ? 

11. Where was the capital first located ? 

12. Where next ? 

13. When was Des Moines declared to to be the capi- 
tal? 

14. Tell all you can about moving thither. 

15. When was the revision of the Constitution com- 
pleted and adopted? 

16. How often, and when is the question of revision 
submitted to the people? 

17. How is the question stated ? 

18. What declaration is found in the ordinance of 
1787? 

19. What grants have been made for educational pur- 
poses ? 

20. Under whose control are all school lands and 
funds? 

21. What proceeds make up the permanent school 
fund? 



LESSON V. 

BILL OF RIGHTS. 

25. After stating the preamble and the boundaries of 
the State, the framers of the Constitution adopted a Bill 
of Rights, which is simply a declaration of the rights 
and privileges claimed by the people of the State. The 
following is a summary of this declaration : 

26. The first section, regarding the rights of persons, 
Rights of per- reads as follows: " All men are, by nature, 

free and equal, and have certain inaliena- 



sous, 



30 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ble rights, among which are those of enjoying and de- 
fending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and pro- 
tecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and 
happiness/' This plainly and definitely states that all 
men are equal before the law. It is the living echo of 
the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776, when 
the remarkable proposition was made "that all men are 
created free and equal ; that they are endowed by their 
Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that, 
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed." 

27. Inasmuch as the government derives all its politi- 
sourcesof Poiiti- ca l power from the governed, and since it 
cai power. j g instituted for the protection, security 

and benefit of the people, whenever it becomes destruct- 
ive of this end, then the people have the right to alter 
or reform it. With free discussion, free speech, free 
thought, the intelligent voters may speedily effect this 
change and reformation through the medium of the bal- 
lot box. 

28. The General Assembly can make no law estab- 

lishing a uniformity of religion, or in any 
way restrict religious liberty. Neither can 
any religious test be required as a qualification for any 
office of public trust, nor do one's religious opinions 
unfit him for giving evidence in court. There is noth- 
ing more befitting American liberty than the restrictions 
herein placed upon the Legislative bodies. 

29. Any citizen of the State who. either directly or 

indirectly, takes part in any duel is forever 
disqualified from holding any office under 



BILL OF RIGHTS. 31 

the Constitution and the laws of the State. Perhaps a 
greater punishment could not be placed upon a citizen. 
Dueling was once quite popular among even the great 
men of our country, as a proper manner in which to 
settle disputes and quarrels, but happily it is now con- 
sidered as the meanest and least respectable method. 

30. It is the privilege of every person to speak, write, 
Liberty of or publish his sentiments on any subject, 

speech. 1^ j ie j s responsible for the abuse of the 

right. The Constitution allows great liberty in this re- 
spect, but if any person makes bad use of it, the laws of 
the State and the good of the people require that he 
be held to a strict and rigid account for all the injury 
done. 

31. All laws general in their nature must be uniform 

in their operation, and no immunity or 

Uniform Laws. . L . . J 

privilege can be granted to any citizen or 
class of citizens which, under the same circumstances, 
does not apply to all others. 

32. No warrant for seizure or search can be issued 

except upon probable cause, supported by 

Personal Secur- rrn . , . 

i*7. oath. Thus the people are secured in their 

persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable 
searches and seizures. The life, liberty, or property of 
an individual can be taken only by due process of law. 
By due process of law is meant the regular course of ad- 
ministration through courts of justice. 

33. No person can be deprived of the right of trial by 

jury. In all criminal prosecutions, and in 

Trial by Jury. J . . £ ' . . 

cases in which the lite or liberty is in- 
volved, the accused has the right to a speedy and public 
trial by an impartial jury, to call for a copy of the accu- 
sation, to demand that the prosecuting witness confront 



32 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

him, to force into court witnesses in defense of himself, 
and to have the assistance of counsel. 

34. And in cases less than felony, in which the pun- 

ishment does not exceed one hundred dol- 

Bpeedy Trial. ,.,,.. 

Jars or thirty days imprisonment, the ac- 
cused has the right to a speedy trial before a Justice of 
the Peace or some other officer authorized by law. Oth- 
erwise the trial would be delayed till a session of court. 
Oftimes this would work the greatest wrong, for in 
many cases, the accused is not guilty, and it is right that 
the public know it by his acquittal. After acquittal, no 
one can again be tried for the same offense. 

35. Before conviction any person is bailable, except for 

a capital offense wherein it is evident, or 
the presumption great, as to who is the 

guilty party. But excess in bail or fine must be avoided, 

nor can cruel punishments be inflicted. 

36. The writ of habeas corpus cannot be suspended 

except in case of rebellion, or invasion, 
A«aind a e s r. C °ex U8 ' and no bill of attainder or ex-post-facto laws 

post-facto ghall eyer be passe( J The firgt Q f thege } s 

one of the most famous writs in history, and was es- 
teemed by the early English colonists as one of the 
u dearest birthrights of the Britons." A bill of at- 
tainder worked corruption of blood, so that neither per- 
sonal nor real estate could pass by inheritance to the 
offender's people. An ex-post-facto law is retroactive 
and makes an act a crime which was not a crime when it 
was committed. 

37. The military power is subordinate to the civil. 

No standing army can be kept in time of 

war, neither can any soldier, in time of 

peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of 



BILL OF RIGHTS. 33 

the owner ; nor in time of war, except by due process of 
law. And private property cannot be taken for public 
use without just compensation. Great care is taken that 
there shall not be a large standing army. It has ever 
been held by our Republic that such an army might be- 
come the greatest danger to the country, and hence it is 
feared. 

38. Treason against the State consists only in levying 

war against it, adhering to its enemies, or 

giving them aid or comfort. No one can 

be convicted of treason except upon the evidence of two 

witnesses to the same overt act, or upon open confession 

in court. 

39. There can be no voluntary servitude, no impris- 
servitude. Pe- onment for debt, no law impairing the obli- 

tition - gation of contracts. The people have the 

right freely to assemble together to counsel each other 
for their own good, and to make known their grievances 
to their representatives and to petition for redress. 

40. Every male citizen of the United States of the 
Right of suff- a g e °f twenty-one years, who has been a 

resident of the State six months preceding 
the election, and of the county in which he lives sixty 
days, is entitled to vote. This privilege is termed the 
right of suffrage. No idiot, or insane person, or one 
convicted of an infamous crime, can exercise this right 
of suffrage. Except in time of war or public danger, a 
voter cannot be compelled to perform military duty on 
election day ; and only in cases of treason, felony, or 
breach of the peace, can he be arrested during his 
attendance at the election. 

3 



34 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the Bill of Rights ? 

2. Repeat the quotation in regard to the rights of 
persons. 

3. Also the one from the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. 

4. From what source does the Government derive all 
its political power ? 

5. For what is Government instituted ? 

6. When may the people alter or reform it? 

7. How may this be done ? 

8. What is said about religion and a religious test ? 

9. What about dueling ? 

10. Of the liberty of free speech and free press ? 

11. What of uniformity of laws ? 

12. What of personal security ? 

13. Who is entitled to a trial by jury ? 

14. When may a speedy trial before some officer of the 
law be demanded ? 

15. Why is such speedy trial permitted ? 

16. What of trial after acquittal ? 

17. Why is this ? 

18. What of bail? 

19. Of excess in bail, or fines, or cruel punishment? 

20. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus, bill of 
attainder, or ex-post-facto laws ? 

21. Relate what is said of the military power. 

22. Define treason. 

23. What is the conviction for treason ? 

24. What of servitude and the right of petition ? 

25. Who has the right of suffrage? 

26. What is suffrage ? 



OUTLINE OF THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



35 



27. Who are not permitted to vote ? 

28. What of military duty on election day ? 

29. Of arrest while in attendance at the election ? 



LESSON VI. 

AN OUTLINE OF THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
OF IOWA. 

I. State; II. County; III. Township; IV. City or Town. 
A. Legislative; B. Executive; C. Judicial. 
I. State. — A. Legislative (General Assembly): 1. Senate. 

2. House. 
B. Executive: 1. Governor. 

2. Lieutenant Governor. 

3. Secretary of State. 

4. Auditor of State. 

5. Treasurer of State. [struction. 

6. Superintendent of Public In- 

7. Officers Appointed by the Gov- 



C. Judicial: 1. Supreme Court. 

2. Officers of this Court. 

3. District Court. 

4. Circuit Court. 

5. Officers of these Courts. 

II. County. — A, Legislative: 1. Board of Supervisors. 



B. Executive : 



C. Judicial: 



1. Board of Supervisors. 

2. County Treasurer. 

3. County Auditor. 

4. County Superintendent. 

5. County Clerk. 

6. Sheriff of the County. 

7. County Recorder. 

8. County Surveyor. 

9. Coroner. 

10. Officers Appointed. 

1. District Court 

2. Circuit Court. 



36 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



III. Township.— 

A. Legislative: 



B. Executive: 



C. Judicial: 

IV. City or Town.— 

A. Legislative: 

B. Executive: 



C. Judicial: 



1. Township Trustees. 

2. School Board. 

1. Township Trustees. 

2. Township Clerk. 

3. Township Assessor. 

4. Constable. 

5. Road Supervisors. 

6. School Officers. 

1. Justices of the Peace. 



1. City or Town Council. 

1. Mayor 

2. Assessor. 

3. Marshal. 

4. Treasurer. 

5. Clerk or Recorder. 

6. Other Officers 

1. Mayor's Court. 

2. Police Court. 

3. Superior Court. 



Distribution of Powers, 

42. In our State there are four organizations for the 
administration of law and justice. These are : I. The 
State ; II. The County ; III. The Township ; IV. The 
City or Town. 

43. Each of these organizations has three depart- 
ments : A. Legislative ; B. Executive ; C. Judicial. 

44. The Legislative department consists of the Gen- 
what composes era l Assembly of the State and all other 

each Department. } 30( }j es having power to make laws and 

regulations for the government of the people. The 
Executive department consists of the Governor, and 
other State officers (except the judges and officers of the 
Supreme Court), and all other officers who enforce obe- 
dience to the laws, whether it be the state, county, 



OUTLINE OF THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 37 

township, city or town. The Judicial department con- 
sists of the Supreme Court, District and Circuit Court, 
Justice's and Police Court. 

45. A separation of these departments is a prominent 
separation of doctrine of our Republic. This is the fea- 

powere. j. ure ^yhich m ost distinguishes it from the 

republics of the ancient world. It contributes in the 
greatest degree to uniformity, certainty, and fairness. 
But a complete separation can never be wholly effected. 
The duties of some officers require them to act both 
as executors and judges of the law. It perhaps is best 
thus, for each of these departments now acts as a check 
to some other. An instance of this is the power of the 
Governor to veto measures enacted by the General As- 
sembly. And even after the law has the sanction of 
both the Legislative and Executive departments, the 
Supreme Court may declare it unconstitutional. 

Throughout every department there is a close resem- 
blance between the State and the United States Govern- 
ment. 

State. 

46. No person can become a member of the lower 
Terms of Eiigi- House, also called the House of Represen- 

bility - tatives, unless he is twenty-one 3-ears old, 

a citizen of the United States, and has been a resident of 
the State one year next preceding the election, and has 
actually lived in the district which he represents sixty 
days. A Senator must be twenty-five years of age, and 
possess the qualifications of a Representative as to resi- 
dence and citizenship. The Governor and Lieutenant 
Governor must be thirty years old, citizens of the United 
States, and inhabitants of the State two years next pre- 



38 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ceding the election. There is no constitutional provision 
as to the terms of eligibility of members of the Judicial 
department. 

47. The election of members of the General Assem- 
kuh lion and Ten- Hv^ ^ ie State or judicial officers, occurs on 
uri ' of 0f,K ° the next Tuesday after the first Monday in 

November. Members of the House of Representatives 
are elected for the term of two years; Senators for four; 
members of the Judicial department for six; and all hold 
their positions until their successors are elected and qual- 
ified. The terms of office of Governor and Lieutenant 
Governor begin on the second Monday in January next 
after their election; the terms of all the others begin on 
the first Monday. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Do not fail to make the outlines on pages 35-6 an 
object of close study. Fix that of the State firmly in 
memory. 

2. Name the four organizations for the administration 
of law and justice. 

3. What are the departments of each of these ? 

4. Of what does the Legislative department consist ? 
The Executive department ? The Judicial ? 

5. Repeat what is said about the separation of these 
departments. 

6. To what does it contribute ? 

7. State instances in which the power of one depart- 
ment acts as a check upon another. 

8. Give the terms of eligibility of members of the 
lower House. 

9. The members of the Senate. 

10. Of the Governor, or the Lieutenant Governor. 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 89 

11. State the time of election and the term of office of 
the members of each department. 

12. When do their terms of office begin ? 



LESSON VII. 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The General Assembly. 
1, Senate. 2. House. 

48. As in the United States, the Legislative authority 
Legislative Au- °f the State is vested in a General Assem- 

thority. kj^ which consists of a Senate and House 

of Representatives. These two together constitute the 
representation for the purpose of making laws. The 
legislative powers inherent in the people being vested 
in this body its powers are, therefore, supreme, except 
as limited by the Constitution. 

49. The General Assembly meets regularly once in 

every two years ; but on an extraordinary 

occasion, the Governor may call a special 

session. The sessions are held at the Capitol, in the city 

of Des Moines, beginning on the second Monday in 

January after the election of members. 

50. At the hour of two p.m. on the day on which the 
organization of General Assembly meets, the Lieutenant 
the senate. Governor, as President, calls the members 

of the Senate to order and they proceed immediately to 
effect a temporary organization. If the Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor is not present, some member acts in his stead. A 



10 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

secretary is chosen, who receives and files the certifi- 
cates of election presented by those claiming seats. A 
committee of five is appointed who examines and reports 
upon the credentials presented. Those reported as be- 
ing members then effect a permanent organization. 

51. Some member of the House calls that body to 
organization of order, as is done in the Senate, and they 

the House. choose a clerk, who performs the same 

duties as those of the secretary of the Senate. A com- 
mittee of five is appointed, who examines the credentials 
and makes a report thereon. Those who are found to 
hold proper certificates of election organize permanently 
by selecting a Speaker and other officers. 

52. The number of Senators cannot be less than one- 
Ratio and Divi- third nor more than one-half the represen- 

8ion of Legislators. tatiye b()dy At present f^ere are fifty 

Senators, just half as many as there are in the lower 
House, which numbers one hundred. The Senators are 
divided into two equal lots ; one lot being elected at one 
time, the other two years later. By this arrangement, 
at least one-half will be members of two years' experi- 
ence. 

53. The Senators cannot exceed fifty in number. 

Apportionment of There is one for ever y forty six thousand 
senators. inhabitants. This is the present ratio of 

apportionment. This adjustment of ratio is made at 
each regular session of the General Assembly, after the 
census has been taken. But every county or district 
having a number of inhabitants equal to one half this 
ratio is entitled to a Senator; if it has a less number it 
must be joined to some other county to form a district. 
The State was divided by the General Assembly of 1882, 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 41 

into fifty* Senatorial districts, as shown in the note be- 
low. 

54. The number of Representatives cannot exceed 
Apportionment one hundred, the present number. The 
of Representatives, apportionment is one Representative for 
every sixteen thousand eight hundred and fifty inhabi- 
tants, or fraction thereof more than one-half this num- 
ber. So that every district which contains one and 
one-half times this apportionment is entitled to two 
Representatives. No Representative district can con- 
tain more than four organized counties. With our 
rapidly increasing population, these districts are often 
changed. The constitution requires the General As- 

* The Roman numerals show the number of the district; then 
follows the county or counties composing it; this is followed by the 
population of the district as shown by the census of 1880. 

I. Lee, 34,859 ; II. Van Buren and Davis, 33,510 ; III. Appanoose 
and Monroe, 30,355 ; IV. Wayne and Lucas, 30,657 ; V. Clark and 
Decatur, 26,848; VI. Taylor, Ringgold and Union, 42,700; VII. Fre- 
mont and Pas;e, 37,320; VIII. Mills and Montgomery, 30,030; IX. 
Des Moines, 33,099; X. Jefferson and Henry, 38,304; XL Washington 
and Louisa, 33,521; XII. Keokuk and Iowa, 40,480; XIII. Wapello, 
25,282; XIV. Mahaska, 25,201; XV. Marion, 25,111; XVI. Madison 
and Warren, 36,803; XVII. Audubon, Guthrie and Dallas, 41,057; 
XVIII. Adams, Adair and Cass, 40,030; XIX. Pottawattamie 
39,846 ; XX. Muscatine, 23,168 ; XXL Scott, 41 270 ; XXII. Clin- 
ton, 36,764 ; XXIII. Jackson, 23,771 ; XXIV. Cedar and Jones, 
39,989; XXV. Johnson, 25,429; XXVI. Linn, 37,235; XXVII, 
Benton, 24,888 ; XXVIII. Marshall, 23,752 ; XXIX. Jasper, 25,962 ; 
XXX. Polk, 42,395 ; XXXI. Boone and Story, 37.744 ; XXXII. Har- 
din and Grundy, 30,448 ; XXXIII. Buchanan and Delaware, 36,499 ; 
XXXIV. Harrison and Shelby, 29,345 ; XXXV. Dubuque, 42,997 ; 
XXXVI. Clayton, 28,829; XXXVII. Hamilton. Webster and Wright, 
32,264; XXXVIII. Blackhawk, 23,913; XXXIX. Butler and Bre- 
mer, 38,374; XL. Allamakee and Fayette, 42,049; XLI. Howard, 
Mitchell and Worth. 33,151 ; XLIL Winneshiek. 23,937 ; XLI1I. 
Cerro Gordo, Franklin, Hancock and Winnebago 30,079 ; XLIV. 
Chickasaw and Floyd, 29,211 ; XLV. Poweshiek and Tama, 40,521 ; 
XLVI. Woodbury, Monono and Crawford, 35,965; XL VII. Hum- 
boldt, Pocahontas, Palo Alto, Emmet, Kossuth and Clay, 25.162; 
XL VIII. Greene, Carroll and Calhoun, 31,071 ; XLIX. Plymouth, 
Sioux, Lyon, O'Brien, Osceola and Dickenson, 24,236 ; L. Buena 
Vista, Cherokee, Sac and Ida, 28,933. 



(9 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

sembly to fix this ratio of representation at each 
regular session. The General Assembly of 1884 
divided the State into eighty-eight Representative* dis- 
tricts as shown in the note below. 

55. The Constitution forbids the formation of a Rep- 
Formation of dis lesentative. Senatorial, or Congressional 
tricts district from two counties which are wholly 

separated by another county. Nor can a county be 
divided so as to become parts of two districts. 

* It will be observed that some of the counties have two 
Representatives ; those are marked thus *. The population of any 
county which has been given will not be repeated. 

I.Lee,*; II. Des Moines, * ; III. Henry, 20,986 ; IV. Jefferson, 
17,469; V. Van Buren, 17,643; VI. Wapello, *; VII Davis, 16,468; 
VIII. Monroe, 13.719; IX. Appanoose, 16,636; X. Lucas, 14,530; XL 
Wayne, 16,127; XII. Clark, 11,513; XIII. Decatur, 15,336; XIV. 
Union, 14,980; XV. Ringgold, 12,085 ; XVI. Adams, 11,888; XVII. 
Taylor, 15,635; XVIII. Montgomery, 15,895 ; XIX. Page, 19,667; XX. 
Mills, 14,137 ; XXL Fremont ,17,652 ; XXII. Pottawatamie, *; XXIIL 
Cass, 16,943 ; XXIV. Adair, 11,667; XXV. Madison, 17,224; XXVI. 
Warren, 19,578; XXVII. Marion; XXVIII Mahaska; XXIX. 
Keokuk, 21,258 ; XXX. Washington, 20,374; XXXI. Louisa, 13,142; 
XXXII. Muscatine; XXXIII. Scott,*; XXXIV. Cedar 18,936; 
XXXV. Johnson, *; XXXVI. Iowa, 19,221; XXXVII. Poweshiek, 
18,936 ; XXXVIII. Jasper, *; XXXIX. Polk, * ; XL. Dallas, 18,746; 
XLI. Guthrie, 14,394 ; XLII. Harrison, 16,649 ; XLIII. Boone, 20,838 ; 
XL1V. Story, 16,906; XLV. Marshall; XL VI. Tama, 21,585; 
XL VII. Benton ; XL VIII. Linn,*; XLIX. Jones, 21,052; L. Clin- 
ton,*; LI. Jackson; LII. Dubuque,*; LIII. Delaware, 17,950; LIV. 
Buchanan, 18.546; LV. Black Hawk; LVI. Grundy, 12,639; LVII. 
Hardin, 17,807; LVIII. Hamilton, 11,252; LIX., Webster, 15,951; LX. 
Woodbury, 14,496; LXI Butler, 14,293; LXIL Bremer, 14,081; 
LXIII. Fayette, 22,258; LXIV. Clayton, *; LXV. Allamakee, 19,791 ; 
LXVI. Winneshiek; LXVII. Howard, 10,837; LXVIII. Chicka- 
saw, 14,534; LXIX. Mitchell, 14,363; LXX. Floyd, 14,677; LXXI. 
Plymouth, 8,568; LXXII. Sioux, Lyon, and Osceola, 9,613; LXXIII. 
Monona, 9,055; LXXIV. Crawford, 12,413; LXXV. Ida and Buena 
Vista, 11,919; LXXVI. Cherokee and Clay, 12,488; LXXVII Sac, 
8,774; LXXVIII. Calhoun and Pocahontas, 9,308 ; LXXIX. Greene, 
12,727; LXXX Carroll, 12.351; LXXXI, Shelby, 12,696; LXXXII, 
Audubon, 7,488; LXXXIII. O'Brien and Dickenson, 6,056; 
LXXX1V. Palo Alto. Emmet, and Kossuth, 11,859; LXXXV. Hum- 
boldt and Wright, 10,906; LXXXVI. Winnebago, Hancock, and 
Worth, 16.323; LXXXVIL Cerro Gordo, 11,461; LXXXVIII, 
Franklin, 10,249. 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 43 

56. Laws passed at a regular session of the General 
when Laws rake Assembly take effect on the fourth of July 

Effect - thereafter. Those passed at a special ses- 

sion take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the 
Assembly. If the law is deemed of immediate import- 
ance, the Legislature may provide that the same shall 
take effect by publication in two newspapers in the 
State, one of them being at the seat of government. If 
no provision is made as to the exact date, such bill be- 
comes a law on the twentieth day after publication. 

57. The last census was taken by the State, in 1875; 
Taking the by provision of the Constitution the Gen- 

Census - eral Assembly must provide for the taking 

of the census every ten years, beginning with that year. 
The census is taken every ten years by the United 
States. The first was taken in 1790 ; so, in fact, the 
census of the State is taken once in every five years. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. In what body is the Legislative authority of the 
State vested ? 

2. Is that power supreme ? 

3. How often, when and where are the sessions of 
the General Assembly held ? 

4. State what is said of the organization of the Sen- 
ate. Of the House. 

5. Why do members take with them certificates of 
election ? 

6. State the ratio of membership existing between 
the House and the Senate. 

7. How many Senators are there ? 

8. Why are they divided into lots ? 

9. What is the ratio of apportionment for Senators ? 



44 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

10. When is it made ? 

11. What of a district having more or less than one- 
halt of this ratio? 

12. How many Senatorial districts are there ? 

13. What is the greatest number of Representatives? 

14. What is the apportionment ? 

15. What of districts having one-half this ratio? 

16. What of those having one and one-half times this 
ratio ? 

17. When is this ratio of representation fixed ? 

18. Into how many Representative districts is the 
State now divided ? 

19. What is said of the formation of districts ? 

20. When do laws take effect ? 

21. When was the last census taken ? 

22. How often and when must the State take the 
census ? 

23. How often, in fact, is the census of the State 
taken ? 



LESSON VIII. 

PROVISIONS COMMON TO BOTH HOUSES. 

58. Before entering upon their duties, members of 
the General Assembly take the following 
oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly 
swear (or affirm), that I will support the Constitution of 
the United States, and the Constitution of the State of 
Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 
Senator (or Representative), according to the best of my 
ability." 



PROVISIONS COMMON TO BOTH HOUSES. 45 

59. Every member of the General Assembly receives 

the sum of five hundred and fifty dollars 

Compensation. _ , , . , , 

for each regular session ; and tor each 
extra session a proportionate amount per day, not to ex- 
ceed six dollars. Mileage, both in going to and return- 
ing from the session, at the rate of five cents per mile, is 
allowed. 

60. Before members of the General Assembly can 
Drawing saia- draw their salaries, the presiding officers 

ries - of the two Houses must jointly certify to 

the Auditor of State the names of the members of their 
respective Houses, with the amount of mileage due each 
one. The Auditor then draws a warrant upon the State 
Treasurer for the amount due each one. When these 
warrants are presented to the Treasurer, he must pay 
them. One half of the salary may be drawn at the end 
of thirty days from the commencement of the session, 
and the other half at the close of the session. 

61. In general, members of the Legislature cannot, 

during the time for which they are elected, 

Disqualification. " 

accept any office of profit except such as 
may be filled by election by the people. And any per- 
son holding a lucrative office under the State, the United 
States, or any other power, cannot be eligible to a seat 
in the legislative body of the State. However, some 
offices are not considered lucrative ; such as that of 
Justice of the Peace, post-office, which does not exceed 
one hundred dollars per annum, or a position in the mi- 
litia, for which one does not receive a salary. 

62. The General Assembly is forbidden to authorize 

lotteries, or to permit the sale of lottery 

tickets, or to grant divorces. Nor can 

it pass local or special laws in the following cases : 1. 



46 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

For the assessment and collection of taxes for the State, 
the county, or for road purposes ; 2. For laying out, 
making, or opening highways ; 3. For vacating roads, 
town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares ; 4. For 
locating or changing county seats ; 5. For the incorpo- 
ration of towns and cities ; 6. To change the names of 
persons. If the subject matter of a bill is not shown by 
the title, that part of the act which refers to such matter 
is void. 

63. Every member of the General Assembly has the 

liberty to protest against any act or resolu- 
tion which he deems injurious to the pub- 
lic. And, except in case of treason, felony, or breach 
of the peace, he is privileged from arrest during the ses- 
sion of the Legislature, and in going thither and return- 
ing therefrom. The wisdom of such a provision cannot 
be questioned. Otherwise, liberty of speech and action 
could not be assured to legislators, and not only they, 
but the State as well, might be subjected to the greatest 
wrongs The State and the United States provide not 
this alone, but in addition, do not permit any person to 
question a legislator against his will, regarding any 
speech or debate, in any other place than in the body 
where it was delivered.* 

64. Each House may determine the time of its own 
powers and du adjournment except that neither one can 

ties of each House.t a( ]j ourn f or m0 re than three days without 

* And any person who knowingly violates this privilege may be 
subjected to a fine or imprisonment, or both. Or if he threatens, 
menaces, or attempts by any corrupt means to control a legislator's 
influence or vote, he may be subjected to the same penalty. 

fThe State Printer and Binder are elected by a joint vote 
of the General Assembly at each regular session. Each of these 
officers has his office at the capital of the State, and serves for two 



PROVISIONS COMMON TO BOTH HOUSES. 47 

the consent of the other, nor to any other place than 
that in which they are sitting. Also, each House must 
keep a journal of its proceedings and publish the same ; 
each one may declare its rules of proceedings, punish 
members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent 
of two-thirds, expel a member. It elects its own offi- 
cers, and, indeed, every power necessary to a branch of 
the General Assembly of a free and independent State is 
given to each branch in ours. 

65. Each House judges of the qualification, election, 
contested Eiec- and returns of its own members. A dis- 

tion8 - pute may arise in regard to all these points 

or any one of them. Any qualified voter in the distinct 
may make the contest. All papers relating to the con- 
test must be deposited with the Secretary of State and 
by him delivered to the presiding officer of the body in 
which the contested seat is claimed. This must be done 
on or before the second day of the session. This officer 
gives notice to the House and thus begins the investiga- 
tion. 

66. A bill may originate in either body of the Legisla- 

ture and may be altered, amended, or 
rejected by the other. There are three 
processes by which a bill may become a law. 

67. In any of these processes, it must first pass both 
how 2 Bui Be- Houses by a majority vote of all the mem- 
comes a Law, y^ e]ec f ed to each House, and be signed 

by the Speaker and President of the respective bodies. 

years, beginning on the first day of May following his election. The 
State Printer prints the laws and journals of the General Assembly 
and all forms and blanks for the State officers. The reports of the 
State officers made to the Governor are printed by him. The State 
Binder binds all the laws and journals, and performs all the inciden- 
tal binding of the two Houses of the General Assembly and such as 
he may be required to do by the State officers. 



48 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

It is then presented to the Governor ; if he sign the bill 
it becomes a law. This is the first process. 

1. In the second method, the bill must pass both 
Houses as in the first, and being presented to the Gov- 
ernor, he refuses to sign it ; it must then be returned by 
him to the House where it originated, with his objec- 
tions. The refusal to sign the bill is a veto. If the bill 
can now be passed by a majority of two-thirds of each 
House, it becomes a law without the Governor's signa- 
ture. A certificate, stating that all the foregoing require- 
ments have been complied with, must be signed by the 
presiding officer of each House. 

2. Third process : The bill having passed both 
Houses as before, is presented to the Governor ; if he 
neglect to sign it within three days (Sunday excepted), 
it becomes a law as if signed by him. It must then 
be authenticated by the Secretary of State. 

3. Any bill submitted to the Governor during the last 
three days of the session, must be deposited by him 
with the Secretary of State within thirty days after the 
adjournment, with his signature if he approve, or with 
his objections if he disapprove. 

68. A majority of either House constitutes a quorum, 
but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and may compel the attend- 
ance of absent members in such manner and under such 
penalties as may be provided by the respective Houses. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Repeat the oath of members of the General As- 
sembly. 

2. What is the compensation of members of the Gen- 
eral Assembly J 



GENERAL PROVISIONS. 49 

3. Explain the process by which they draw their sal- 
aries. 

4. When do they draw them ? 

5. What works a disqualification for membership in 
the Legislature ? 

6. What offices are not lucrative ? 

7. Mention all the restrictions placed upon members 
of the General Assembly. 

8. What privileges have members ? 

9 What of the wisdom of such provision ? 

10. What additional provision is made ? 

11. What are the powers and duties of each House ? 

12. State what is said about contested election cases. 

13. About bills. 

14. State first process of law making. Second. Third. 

15. By what other process may a bill become a law ? 

16. What of bills presented to the Governor at any 
time during the last three days of the session ? 

17. How many make a quorum ? 

18. What must a less number do ? 



LESSON IX. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

69. When a vacancy occurs in either House, the 
Governor issues a writ of election to fill such vacancy. 
This writ specifies the date of such election 
and is directed to the sheriffs of the coun- 
ties in which the election is ordered. These sheriffs 
must give ten days' notice by publication in some news- 
4 



50 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

paper printed in the county or, if there be no such pa- 
per, by posting notices of the Governor's proclamation 
in five public places in the county. The same process 
is required in any special election ordered by the Gov- 
ernor. 

70. The sole power of impeachment rests with the 

House of Representatives. An impeach- 

Impeachment. . * 

ment is a written accusation, passed by a 
majority of that body, charging a State * officer with 
misdemeanor or malfeasance in office. All impeachment 
trials are conducted by the Senate, and while sitting for 
that purpose, Senators are under oath truly and impar- 
tially to try the cause. No person can be pronounced 
guilty without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. Conviction removes from office and 
disqualifies him from holding any office of profit, trust, 
or honor under the State. This is one of the severest 
punishments that either State or Nation can inflict upon 
a citizen. And, beside this deep-rooted distrust and per- 
haps hatred from society, if the misdemeanor or mal- 
feasance is an indictable offense, the offender must meet 
the penalties of a law no less just and severe. 

71. A statement of the receipts and expenditures of 
Receipts and money by the State must be published 

Expenditures. w j^ t ] ie | aws of each regular session of 

the General Assembly. This is a part of the State Audi- 
tor's report and is published in the " Acts and Resolu- 
tions of the General Assembly." 

72. No money can be drawn from the treasury of the 
State but in consequence of appropriations made by 

* The Governer and all other State officers and the judges of the 
Supreme and District Courts are liable to be impeached. All other 
civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, 
in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. 



GENERAL PROVISIONS. 51 

the Genera] Assembly in accordance with law. Neither 
can an appropriation be made for the 

Appropriations n , . , . 

standing army tor a longer period than 
two years. 

73. In case the people fail to elect a Governor or Lieu- 
Eiectionof tenant Governor by giving two or more 

Governor. candidates for either position the highest 

and an equal number of votes ; or should they fail from 
any other cause, then the General Assembly must, by a 
joint session, elect one of said persons to fill the office 
which is vacant. 

74. United States Senators are elected by the Legisla- 
united states tures of the different states. The provis- 

senators. j ong f QY suc j 1 election were established by 

the Federal Congress and are the same in all the states. 
On the second Tuesday after the meeting and organiza- 
tion of the State Legislature, each House in separate ses- 
sion casts a ballot for a United States Senator. On the 
following day these two bodies meet in joint session. If 
any one received a majority of the votes cast on the pre- 
vious day, he is declared duly elected. If no one re- 
ceived a majority, the two Houses must meet again on 
the following day and cast a second ballot. This is con- 
tinued from day to day until a Senator is chosen. 

I. The Governor of the State must send a certificate 
of the election of a Senator to the President of the 
United States. 

75. The Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
Presiding offi- Senate ; he can vote only when that body 

cers - is equally divided. The other officers are 

elected by the members of the Senate. All the officers* 

*The other officers of the two bodies are almost the same. 
The following are those of the Senate : Secretary, with first 



52 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

of the House of Representatives are elected by the mem- 
bers thereof. The one who presides is Speaker. He 
must vote whenever the yeas and nays are called and 
whenever the House is equally divided; also in all cases 
when his vote, if given to the minority, will make the 
division equal ; in such cases the question is lost. 

76. Unless otherwise especially directed, the presid- 

standing com- * n g officer of each of the legislative bodies 

mittees. appoints all the standing committees^ of 

their respective bodies. The duty of each committee is 

suggested by the name. The committees of the two 

and second assistants; Enrolling Clerk, Engrossing Clerk; Sergeant- 
at-Arms, with one assistant; Doorkeeper, with first and second assist- 
ants; Janitor; Postmaster, with one assistant; and Paper-Folder, 
with one assistant. 

The pay of these officers is as follows : to the Secretary 
of the Senate and Chief Clerk of the House, six dollars per day each ; 
to the Assistant Secretaries of the Senate and Clerks of the House, 
five dollars per day each; to the Enrolling and Engrossing Clerks, 
four dollars per day each; to the Clerks of the Committees, two dol- 
lars and fifty cents per day each ; and the necessary stationery for 
each of the Clerks and Secretaries, and their assistants aforesaid; to 
the Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeepers, Janitors, Postmasters, and Mail 
Carriers three dollars per day each; to the Messengers and Paper- 
Folders, one dollar and fifty cents per day each. 

f 1. Ways and Means ; 2. Judiciary ; 3. Federal Relations ; 
4. Constitutional Amendments; 5. Suppression of Intemperance; 6. 
Appropriations; 7. Normal Schools; 8. Schools; 9. Agriculture; 10. 
County and Township Organization; 11. Compensation of Public 
Officers; 12. Banks; 13. Railways; 14. Insurance; 15. Private Corpora- 
tions; 16. Municipal Corporations; 17. State University; 18. Military; 
19. Elections; 20. Claims, 21. Commerce; 22. Public Buildings, 23. 
Manufactures; 24. Printing; 25. Public Lands; 26. Internal Improve- 
ments; 27. Highways; 28. Library; 29. Judicial Districts; 30. Con- 
gressional Districts; 31. Senatorial Districts; 32. Representative Dis- 
tricts ; 33. Hospital for the Insane ; 34. Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb; 35. College for the Blind; 36. Orphans' Home; 37. Peniten- 
tiary; 38. Reform Schools; 39. Agricultural College; 40. Horticulture 
and Forestry ; 41. Fish and Came ; 42. Asylum for Feeble-Minded 
Children; 43. Medicine, Surgery and Hygiene; 44. Rules; 45. Mines 
and Mining; 46. Engrossed Bills; 47, Enrolled Bills; 48. Retrench- 
ment. 



GENERAL PROVISIONS. 53 

bodies are almost the same. The note shows those 
of the Senate. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said about an election to fill a vacancy ? 

2. What does the writ specify and to whom is it 
directed ? 

3. What is required of the sheriffs ? 

4. With what body does the power of impeachment 
rest? 

5. What is an impeachment ? 

6. What body tries it? 

7. What is necessary to a conviction ? 

8. What punishment follows conviction? 

9. How are the receipts and expenditures made 
public ? 

10. Who reports them to the Legislature ? 

11. In what are they published ? 

12. How is money drawn from the State treasury ? 

13. What of appropriations for the standing army ? 

14. How may the people fail to elect a Governor or 
Lieutenant Governor? 

15. Should this occur, how must the vacancy be filled? 

16. State what is said about the election of a United 
States Senator ? 

17. Who is presiding officer of each body of the Gen- 
eral Assembly ? 

18. In what cases does the President of the Senate 
vote? 

19. Who elects the other officers of the Senate ? 

20. By what body are the officers of the House elected ? 

21. Who is the presiding officer ? 



r>4 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

22. When does he vote? 

23. What officer usually appoints the standing com- 
mittee.- 1 



LESSON X. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

1. Governor; 2. Lieutenant Governor; 3. Secretary op State; 
4. Auditor of State; 5. Treasurer of State; 6 Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction; 7. Officers Appointed by 
the Governor. 

77. This department includes all State officers upon 
what officers are whom devolves the responsibility of exe- 

included. cuting the laws. To these officers belong 

not only the power, but the duty to see that the laws are 
faithfully executed. In their hands rests one of the 
three great political interests of the commonwealth, and 
the people should be no less particular in choosing capa- 
ble and upright men for officers in this department than 
in selecting members for the Legislature or judges for 
the bench. 

Governor. 

78. The Governor, in whom the supreme executive 
ewer Mammae, authority is vested, is chief magistrate. 

election, etc ^he returns of the election of Governor 
and Lieutenant Governor are sent to the capital of the 
State, directed to the Speaker of the House. It is his 
duty to open them and publish them in the presence of 
both bodies of the General Assembly. Should the 
people fail to elect either of these officers, the vacant 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 55 

position is filled by election at a joint session of the Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

79. The election of Governor or Lieutenant Governor 
contested Eiec- ma y be contested by any eligible person 

tion - who receives votes for the office. Within 

thirty days after the proclamation of the election, the 
contestant delivers to each House of the General Assem- 
bly a notice of his intention to make the contest, giving 
his reasons for so doing. As soon as these officers re- 
ceive the foregoing, they send proper notice to the in- 
cumbent, and immediately inform their respective 
Houses that they have received such notice of contest, 
including the specifications. Each House forthwith 
chooses by lot seven members from its own body. The 
fourteen members thus chosen are a committee to de- 
termine, as specified by law, the contested election. 
Their judgment, which is conclusive, is reported to each 
House, and there entered on the journals. 

80. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are 
Election and Term elected in odd-numbered years, by a popu- 

of0ffice lar vote, for the term of two years, and 

until their successors are elected and qualified. Their 
term of office begins on the second Monday in January 
after their election. 

81. The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the mi- 
commander-in- litia, army, and navy of the State. In case 

Chlef * of insurrection, invasion, or breach of the 

peace, or in great public danger, he has the power to 
order into service the militia of the State, or such part 
thereof as may be necessary. Or if the Sheriff of any 
county in the State makes demand upon the Commandant 
of any military forces to suppress an unlawful or riotous 
assembly, or otherwise to preserve order, and immedi- 



56 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ately notifies the Governor of such action, the Command- 
ant must send such forces, as the occasion demands. 
82. The military forces of the State consists of all 
able-bodied citizens, between the ages of 
eighteen and forty-five years, who are not 
exempted from military duty, according to the laws of 
the State or the United States. The active militia of the 
State is known as "The Iowa National Guard," and con- 
sists of nine regiments of infantry, and composes in all 
not more than two brigades. The enlistments are for 
five years, and each one who serves in the ranks as a 
private receives one dollar and fifty cents for every day 
while on duty. 

83. If occasion requires, it is the duty of the Gov- 
Duties as to the ernor to convene the General Assembly, 

General Assembly. Rn( j j n ^J me f g rea t public danger 01' peS- 

tilence, he may call this body together at some other 
place than at the capital of the State. 

1. In his biennial message to the legislative bodies, 
the Governor must make known to them the condition 
of the State, and recommend such changes and measures 
as he deems expedient. This message is read to each 
House in separate session. 

2. In case the two Houses fail to agree upon a time 
of adjournment the Governor adjourns them. 

3. Should the Governor at any time resign, such res- 
ignation must be made to the General Assembly if that 
is in session ; otherwise, to the Auditor of State. 

84. Under the regulations of the statute, the Govern- 
May Grant Pardons, 01 ' has power to grant pardons, reprieves, 
Reprieves, etc. an( j commutations for all offenses except 
treason and impeachment. In treason he may suspend 
the execution of the sentence until the next session of 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 57 

the General Assembly, when the matter rests with the 
law-makers. They may then pardon the offense, com- 
mute the sentence, grant a farther reprieve, or order the 
execution of the sentence. The Governor may remit 
fines and forfeitures in such manner as directed by law, 
but in the exercise of any of these last-named powers, he 
must make a report thereof to the General Assembly at 
its next session. 

85. All patents for land must be granted by the Gov- 
patents and com- e™ or - All grants and commissions made 

missions. ^y ^im mus t bear his official signature, 

and be in the name and by the authority of the people of 
the State. This seal is in the keeping of the Governor 
and must be officially used by him. 

86. Whenever in his opinion, the public interest 
condemning Real demands the , taking of any real estate for 

Estate - the construction of any institution of the 

State, or for the improvement thereof, the Governor 
shall cause the same to be taken and condemned in 
accordance with existing laws. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Name the officers who compose the Executive 
department. 

2. What class of officers is included in the Executive 
department ? 

3. What power and duty belong to them \ 

4. Why should the people be careful in the selection 
of these officers ? 

5. Who is chief magistrate of the State \ 

6. Who receives the returns of the election and pub- 
lishes them % 



58 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

7. State fully the process of contesting the election of 
Governor or Lieutenant Governor. 

8. What of the election and term of office of these 
officers ? 

9. Who is Commander-in-Chief of the militia ? 

10. Of what does the militia consist ? 

11. What name is given to the active militia? 

12. How many regiments ? Brigades ? 

13. For what time are the enlistments taken ? 

14. What is the pay of a private soldier while on 
actual duty ? 

15. Under what circumstance may the Governor call 
the legislative bodies together at another place than at 
the capital ? 

16. State what is said about the Governor's power to 
grant pardons, reprieves, etc. 

17. What of patents and commissions ? 

18. What of condemning real estate ? 



LESSON XL 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT— CONTINUED. 
The Governor— Continued. 

87. At least thirty days before any general election, 

proclamation for the Governor issues his proclamation, des- 

Eiection. ignating all the offices to be filled, and 

transmits a copy thereof to the Sheriff of each county of 

the State. And if a proposition to amend the Constitu- 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 59 

tion is submitted to a vote of the people, he must include 
such amendment in his proclamation.* 

88. When the office of United States Representative 
becomes vacant, or a vacancy occurs in the office of 

* The following is the proclamation of Governor Sherman for the 
general election November 4th, 1884. 

THE STATE OF IOWA. 

BY THE GOVERNOR. 

A Proclamation for the General Election, Nov. 4, 1884. 



Pursuant to law, I, Buren R. Sherman, Governor of the State of 
Iowa, do hereby proclaim that at the General Election to be held on 
the ''Tuesday next after the first Monday in November," A. D. 1884, 
the offices hereinafter named are to be filled by a vote of all the elec- 
tors of the State and those of the several Districts designated, to-wit: 
By vote of all the electors of the State : 

The office of Elector of President and Vice President of the 
United States, to be filled by the choice of thirteen Electors, each 
ballot for such office to contain the name of at least one inhabitant of 
each Congressional District into which the State is divided, and 
to designate " against the name of each person " voted for the num- 
ber of the Congressional District to which he belongs ; 

The office of Secretary of State ; 

The office of Auditor of State ; 

The office of Treasurer of State ; 

The office of Judge of the Supreme Court, in place of James H. 
Rothrock, whose term of office will expire December 31, 1884; 

The office of Attorney General. 
By vote of the electors of the several Judicial Districts and Circuits, and 
also of those specially named beloic : 

The office of Circuit Judge in each of said Judicial Districts and 
Circuits, and one additional Circuit Judge in the Second Judicial 
District. 

In the new Circuits established by the Twentieth General Assembly, 
Judges will be elected asfolloics : 

One Circuit Judge in the first circuit of the Fourth Judicial Dis- 
trict, comprising the counties of Lyon, O'Brien, Sioux, Osceola and 
Plymouth ; 

One Circuit Judge in the second circuit of the Fourth Judicial 
District, comprising the counties of Woodbury, Monona, Harrison 
and Cherokee; 

One Circuit Judge in the first circuit of the Sixth Judicial Dis- 
trict, comprising the counties of Poweshiek, Keokuk, Washington 
and Jefferson; 

One Circuit Judge in the second circuit of the Sixth Judicial 
District, comprising the counties of Jasper, Marion and Mahaska. 



HO CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Senator or Representative of the General Assembly of 
the State, and the body in which the va- 

Special Election. * 

cancy occurs meets before another general 
election, the Governor must call a special election to fill 

The offices of Judge of the District Court and District Attorney 
in the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Judicial Districts. 
By vote of the electors of the several Congressional Districts : 

The office of Representative in Congress from each of said dis- 
tricts. 

And 1 do further proclaim and give notice, that on the day of said gen- 
eral election, tlie offices named below having become vacant, are to be 
filed by vote of tlie electors of the several districts mentioned, respect- 
ively : 

The office of Representative in Congress from the Seventh Con- 
gressional District, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation 
of John A. Kasson. 

The office of Judge of the District Court in the Thirteenth Judi- 
cial District, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of 
Joseph R. Reed. 

The office of Judge of the Circuit Court in the Thirteenth Judi- 
cial District, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of C. 
F. Loof bourrow ; 

The office of the Judge of the Circuit Court in the Ninth Judi- 
cial District, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of B. 
W. Lacy. 

And I do further proclaim and give notice, that at said election four 
propositions to amend the Constitution, agreed to by the Nineteenth 
and. Twentieth General Assemblies, will be submitted to the people, in 
accordance with the provisions of chapter one hundred and fourteen 
of the Acts of the Sixteenth General Assembly, said propositions 
being as follows, to-wit : 

Amendment 1. The general election for State, district, county 
and township officers shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first 
Monday in November. 

Amendment 2. At any regular session of the General Assembly 
the State may be divided into the necessary judicial districts for dis- 
trict court purposes, or the said districts may be reorganized and the 
number of the districts and the judges of said courts increased or 
diminished; but no reorganization of the districts or diminution of 
the judges shall have the effect of removing a judge from office. 

Amendment 8. The grand jury may consist of any number of 
members, not less than five, nor more than fifteen, as the General 
Assembly may by law provide, or the General Assembly may provide 
for holding persons to answer for any criminal offense without the 
intervention of a grand jury. 

Amendment 4. That Section 13 of Article V of the Constitution 
be stricken therefrom, and the following adopted as such section: 
Section 13. The qualified electors of each county shall, at the general 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 61 

the vacancy. The person elected serves during the un- 
expired part of the term. A vacancy can occur in the 
House of Representatives of the National Congress 

election in the year 1886, and every two years thereafter, elect a 
county attorney, who shall be a resident of the county for which he is 
elected, and who shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc- 
cessor shall have been elected and qualified. 

Attention is hereby called to Section 2, Article X, of the Consti- 
tution, as follows : 

"Sec. 2. If tw T o or more amendments shall be submitted at the 
same time, they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors 
shall vote for and against each of such amendments separately." 

The following extract from chapter one hundred and fourteen of 
the Acts of the Sixteenth General Assembly is published for general 
information : 

" The ballots relating to such amendment or amendments shall 
be separate from the ballots for officers cast at such election, and 
shall be deposited in boxes to be provided by the judges of election, 
separate from said ballots so cast for officers ; and there shall be writ- 
ten or printed on such ballots the entire proposed amendment or 
amendments with the word ' for ' or ' against ' — as the elector may 
desire — preceding each amendment voted upon." 

Whereof all electors throughout the State and the districts and 
counties especially designated will take due notice, and the sheriffs of 
the several counties will take official notice and be governed accord- 
ingly. 

Polls open at nine o'clock a. m., and close not earlier than six 
o'clock nor later than nine o'clock p. if. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Iowa. 

Done at Des Moines this twenty- seventh da}- of Sep- 
[l. s.] tember, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
dred and eighty-four, of the State of Iowa the thirty-eighth, 
and of the Independence of the United States the one^hun- 
dred and ninth. 
By the Governor: Buren R. Sherman. 

J. A. T. Hull, Secretary of State. 



sheriff's proclamation. 
And pursuant to law, I, G. \V. Harrison, Sheriff of Jefferson 
County, Iowa, do hereby proclaim a-nd make knowm that at the 
general election to be held on Tuesday, November 4, A. D. 1884, the 
following designated offices are to be filled by vote of the electors of 
Jefferson County, Iowa: 

The office of Clerk of the District and Circuit Courts; 
The office of County Recorder ; 
The office of Member of the Board of Supervisors. 
Electors wall take notice and govern themselves accordingly. 

G. W. Harrison. 
Sheriff Jefferson County. 



62 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

only by the death, resignation, or expulsion of a 
member. 

89. If for any cause a vacancy occurs in our repre- 

sentation in the United States Senate, if 

Vacancy in the . _^ . 

united states sen- the tjeneral Assembly of the State is in 

are " «i r-r 

session, the two Houses must elect a suc- 
cessor for the unexpired term, in the manner stated in 
paragraph 74. If the Legislature is not in session, the 
Governor must fill* the vacancy by appointment till the 
next meeting of that body. 

90. It is also the duty of the Governor to visit the peni- 
visit the Peni- tentiaries at least once in every three months 

tenttaries. an( j i nS p ec t the books, papers and records 

of the Clerk and Deput}^ Warden. He should examine 
into all the regulations of the prison. And he has the 
power to alter or amend the same as he thinks will best 
promote economy, health, safe-keeping, and the obedi- 
ence of the convicts. In case he is not able to make 
these visits, he appoints some one to act in his stead, and 
make a report to him. 

91. All the executive! business connected with the offi- 

cers of the State government must be trans- 

Various Duties. n .. .. ~ , ., 

acted by the Governor, who may admin- 
ister oaths in any matter pertaining to the business of 

* When a vacancy occurs, it is the duty of the Governor to fill 
it by appointment till the next election by the people, or the next ses- 
sion of the Legislature. The general provision regarding vacancies 
is, that when any office becomes vacant, and neither the Constitution 
nor the law directs how such vacancy must be filled, then the Gov- 
ernor must appoint and commission some person to fill it. 

f The Governor causes to be printed of the various public docu- 
ments as follows: Ten thousand copies of his biennial message ; five 
thousand of his inaugural address; seven thousand of the report of 
the State Treasurer; six thousand of the report of the Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction ; four thousand of the report of the State 
Agricultural College; and three thousand five hundred copies of each 
of the other reports. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 63 

his office. He may require information from the officers 
of the Executive department, it being his duty to see that 
the laws are faithfully executed. 

Lieutenant Governor. 

92. Should the office of Governor become vacant the 
powers and duties of the office devolve 
upon the Lieutenant Governor for the re- 
mainder of the term, or until the Governor has been 
acquitted or his disability removed. If the Lieutenant 
Governor, while serving as Governor, becomes incapa- 
ble of performing the duties of the office, the President 
pro tempore of the Senate acts in his stead till the 
vacancy is filled or the disability removed. And if for 
like cause, this official becomes incapable of performing 
the duties of the office the same devolves upon the 
Speaker of the House. 

93. The Lieutenant Governor is President of the Sen- 
president of the a * e > but can v °t e on h r when that body is 
Seaate - equally divided. Should he be absent, or 

be impeached, the President pro tempore fills his chair. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and to whom does the Governor issue his 
proclamation ? 

2. Under what circumstance does the Governor call 
a special election ? 

3. How long does the one elected serve ? 

4. How may a vacancy occur in the House of Rep- 
resentatives of the National Congress ? 

5. How is a vacancy in the United States Senate 
filled? 



64 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

6. What duties has the Governor in connection with 
the penitentiaries ? 

7. What duty has the Governor in connection with 
the State officers of the Executive department ? 

8. What is the general provision in regard to filling 
vacancies ? 

9. What public documents does the Governor issue ? 

10. What duties may devolve upon the Lieutenant 
Governor. 

11. What if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapa- 
ble of performing the duties of Governor ? 

12. What can you say of the Lieutenant Governor as 
President of the Senate ? 



LESSON Xtl. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT— CONTINUED. 

Secretary of State. 

94. The Secretary of State has charge of all the acts 
charge of various an d resolutions of the Territorial Legisla- 

Documents. ture ^ the enro n e d copies of the Constitu- 

tions of the State, and the original acts of the General 
Assembly. 

95. Following the adjournment of the General Assem- 
prmtandDistrt- My, he must prepare a manuscript or 

tmte Documents, printed copy of all laws, joint resolutions, 
and memorials passed during the session. These are 
printed under his personal superintendence and dis- 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 65 

tributed as follows : To the State Library for distribution 
to other states and territories and for exchange, two hun- 
dred copies; two copies to each State institution, to each 
judge of a court of record, and to each State officer ; one 
copy to each member of the General Assembly ; ten 
copies to the Law Library of the State University ; one 
copy to the State Historical Society ; and thirteen thou- 
sand copies to County Auditors. Each county officer, 
Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk, and Mayor of a 
city or incorporated town, must each be supplied with a 
copy, for the use of his office. 

96. The Secretary of State now performs the duties 
of Register of State Land Office ; he must 

General Duties. , , . , , „ ., 

preserve and record the abstract ot the 
census of the State ; keep the journal of the Executive 
Council ; distribute according to law any public docu- 
ments remaining in his hands ; publish a statement of 
the times of holding Supreme, District, and Circuit 
Courts ; distribute the copies of the Supreme Court re- 
port sent to him ; see that Notaries Public comply with 
the law in obtaining their commissions ; that the law re- 
garding the commission of Commissioners* in other 
States is fulfilled ; must record the name, office, and 
term of office of every county officer as returned to him 
by the County Auditors of the State; must record the re- 
sult of State elections, and if any County Auditor neg- 
lects to make returns of elections as provided by law, 

* One or more such Commissioners may be appointed in every 
State and Territory of the Union. Each one serves for three years 
unless the Governor sees fit to revoke the commission. Each one 
must have a seal with the following words: " Commissioner for 
Iowa." His own name and also the name of the State in which he 
acts must be engraved upon the seal. He is empowered to ad- 
minister oaths, take depositions and affidavits, take acknowledgments 
of deeds, and other instruments for use in the State of Iowa. 
5 



66 CIVIL GOVERNMENT Otf IOWA. 

he is authorized to send a messenger for such returns. 
In any trial of a contested State election, he must act as 
clerk of the court, except when he is a party to the con- 
test ; in which case, the Clerk of the Supreme Court, or 
the State Auditor, must be clerk. Whenever a propo- 
sition to amend* the State Constitution has passed the 
General Assembly, as provided by the Constitution, the 
Secretary must cause the same to be published in two 
newspapers of general circulation in each congressional 
district of the State. 

Auditor of State. 

97. The Auditor keeps all State accounts between 
this and other states, or the United States, 

Duties. _ . . . ' 

or any public omcer, or private citizen; he 
makes settlements with all County Treasurers ; keeps a 
clear account of all funds, revenues and incomes of the 
State ; settles with public debtors ; superintends the 
payments of money into the State treasury ; manages 
the fiscal affairs of the State as required by law ; fur- 
nishes County Auditors and Treasurers with instructions 
and forms for properly keeping the revenue accounts of 
the State ; and draws warrants on the State Treasurer 

* An amendment to the Constitution is proposed and submitted 
as follows : It may originate in either House of the General Assem- 
bly. If a majority of both Houses favor it, the amendment must be 
entered on their journals. A record is made of the yeas and nays. 
The amendment is then referred to the General Assembly to be 
chosen two years later. It must be published three months previous 
to the election of the members; this gives opportunity for free dis- 
cussion by the people. If the General Assembly chosen after this 
publication, passes the amendment by a majority of all the members 
of each House, then it is their duty to submit it io the people in such 
manner and at such time as they may provide. If the people approve 
and ratify the amendment by a majority of all the votes cast, it then 
becomes a part of the Constitution of the State. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 67 

for money directed to be paid out of the treasury, and 
likewise all claims against the State. He has the cus- 
tody of all books, papers, and documents not otherwise 
provided for. If the Governor requires it, he must fur- 
nish information relating to his office, and prior to the 
regular session of the General Assembly makes a report 
to said official. He suggests plans to the legislative 
bodies for the improvement and management of the pub- 
lic revenue and property. He apportions the interest of 
the school fund among the counties of the State, and 
publishes revenue laws for the use of Township Assess- 
ors. Whenever he deems it expedient, the Auditor ex- 
amines into the proceedings of any insurance company 
or savings bank in the State, and may by proper pro- 
cedure cause them to suspend, if they have not complied 
with the essential requirements of the law. 

State Treasurer. 

98. This officer keeps an accurate account of the 
receipts and disbursements at the treasury 
and pays money only on warrants from the 
Auditor of State. Preceding the regular session of the 
General Assembly, he reports the condition of the treas- 
ury to the Governor, and, with the advice and approval 
of the Executive Council, he may name one or more 
banks in the city of Des Moines in which drafts, checks, 
and certificates of deposit received by him may be 
deposited. 



Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

99. This officer has general charge of the educational 
interests of the State. Whenever called upon by any 



68 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

school officer he renders him a written opinion upon any 
question of school law. He determines 

Duties. x 

all cases appealed from the decision of 
County Superintendents. And he visits as many of the 
county institutes of the State as the other duties of his 
office will permit. Once in four years he publishes the 
school laws and amendments, with such notes, forms, 
rulings, and decisions as he thinks will be valuable to 
school officers. He may subscribe for a sufficient num- 
ber of copies of some school journal published in the 
State to supply each County Superintendent with one 
copy. This journal must publish in its columns his offi- 
cial decisions as they are made. He makes an annual 
report to the Auditor of State, giving the number of 
children in each county between the ages of five and 
twenty-one years; he also makes a report to the General 
Assembly, at its regular session, embracing generally 
all matters relating to the condition and management of 
the common schools. 

100. He is charged with the general supervision of 

the County Superintendents of the State. 

county superin- He meets them in convention at different 

tendents. . . 

points, and corners with them as to the best 
means of securing uniformity, efficiency, and the great- 
est excellency in the work of the common schools. That 
these conventions may be held to the best advantage, 
the State is usually divided into educational districts. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What documents are entrusted to the Secretary of 
State? 

2. What must he do at the close of each session of 
the General Assembly? 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 69 

3. Who performs the duties of Register of State land 
office ? 

4. Name other duties which the Secretary of State 
performs. 

5. What are the duties of State Auditor ? 

6. What are the duties of State Treasurer ! 

7. What are the duties of the Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction ? 

8. Why does he meet the County Superintendents in 
conventions ? 



LESSON XIII. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT— CONTINUED. 

Officers Appointed by the Governor. 

101. The Fish Commissioner reports to the Governor, 
rish commis- stating fully the conditions and needs of 

sioner - his department. He has charge of the 

State hatching house at Anamosa, and it is his duty to 
stock the waters of the State with fish, as far as the 
means available will permit. He holds his office for the 
term of two years, and if at any time it becomes vacant 
the Governor fills it by appointment. There is one 
assistant, who aids in performing the duties of the office. 

102. With the advice and consent of the Senate, the 

Governor appoints one State Mine Inspec- 

Mine Inspector. _ . . 

tor who devotes all his time to the work ot 
mine inspection. He must examine each mine in the 
State as often as the duties of his office will permit, and 



TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

cause the laws regulating mines and mining to be 
obeyed. That he may do so it is lawful, at all times, for 
him to inspect the works, machinery, and general safety 
of any mine, and see that it is properly ventilated. 

103. With the advice of the Executive Council the 
commissioners Governor appoints three persons from 
of Pharmacy. among the most competent pharmacists of 

the State, who are the Commissioners of Pharmacy. 
They examine, either orally or by printed lists, each 
applicant who desires to retail or compound drugs and 
medicines. They must register in a suitable book the 
name and place of residence of each person to whom a 
certificate is granted. 
• 101:. Also with the approval of the same Council, the 
state Board of Governor appoints nine persons, one of 
Health. whom is the Attorney General of the State, 

one a civil engineer, and seven physicians, who consti- 
tue the Board of Health for the State. As a Board 
of Health these persons have the general supervision of 
the health and life of the citizens of the State ; have 
charge of the quarantine regulations ; must prepare 
forms for the record of marriages, births, and deaths ; 
and make such sanitary regulations and investigations, 
from time to time, as they may deem necessary for the 
preservation and improvement of the public health. 
The members of the Board receive no compensation, but 
the necessary expenses incurred in performing their 
duties are paid. 

105. The State Librarian has the custody of the State 
Library and must give his personal attend- 
ance at the Library during the time it is 
kept open, performing such duties as are imposed upon 
him by law. He must prepare a complete catalogue of 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 71 

the Library, label the books, and make a report of its 
condition to the Governor and General Assembly. 

106. The Board of Curators of the State Historical 

Society consists of eighteen members, nine 

Historical Society. . , , . ~ , . . , 

appointed by the Governor and nine elected 
by the members of the Society. This Society is located 
at Iowa City, and is connected with the State University. 
An annual appropriation of one thousand dollars is made 
by the Legislature to be expended by the Society in col- 
lecting a library of books, manuscripts, papers, painting, 
statuary, and other materials, preserving and illustra- 
ting the histoiy of the State; to rescue from oblivion the 
memory of its pioneer settlers; to revive statements 
concerning their exploits, perils, and adventures ; to 
secure history relative to our Indian tribes ; to make 
a faithful exhibit of Iowa's past and present resources ; 
and to aid the various enterprises for such purposes 
which are within the powers and duties of the Society. 

107. The Superintendent of Weights and Measures 
superintendent of must be appointed from among the pro- 

ures g lessors of the State University. He 

holds office at the pleasure of the Governor and must 
give a bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. He 
has charge of the standards adopted, keeps them in a 
building provided for them, and must see that they are 
safely kept and in no case removed. He provides the 
counties of the State with standards, balances, and other 
means of adjustment as they may order, and as often as 
once in ten years he must compare the same with those 
in his possession. He must deliver to his successor 
everything in his possession belonging to the office. 

108. Whenever his judgment so dictates, the Gov- 
ernor appoints a commission of three competent persons 



72 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

to investigate the relations of any State officer to his 
office. ' If these committeemen so report, 

Investigate Officials. j-i 

the Governor suspends such officer until 
a full investigation can be had. Should he deem it 
advisable, he causes the bond of any State officer to 
be increased or a new bond to be given. Four times 
a year he must see that the books, accounts, vouchers, 
and funds in the hands of the State Treasurer are in- 
spected, and he may cause similar inspection of other 
State officials to be made. 

109. The Governor appoints and commissions Nota- 
ries Public in each county in the State and, 

Notaries Public. . , . 

at any time, may revoke such appoint- 
ment. Before receiving his commission, each Notary 
must procure a seal, execute a bond in the sum of five 
hundred dollars and file it with the Secretary of State. 
A Notary Public has the power to administer oaths, 
protest notes, take acknowledgments of deeds and other 
instruments that must be put on record. He should 
keep a correct record of each notice of protest issued by 
him, with the time and manner of issuing the same, 
with the name of each party to whom issued, together 
with a copy of the instrument sent. 

llU. All vacancies in the Board of Trustees of the 

Iowa Reform School are filled by the Gov- 

Otlicr Vacancies. 

ernor by appointment. Also, when va- 
cancies occur in the College for the Blind, they are 
filled by the Governor provided the General Assembly 
is not in session. The Governor fills all vacancies that 
may occur in the office of Warden of either penitentiary. 
And if at any time he becomes convinced that said 
official is negligent of his duties, he must remove him 
and appoint another. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 73 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State what is said about the Fish Commissioner. 

2. By whom is the Mine Inspector appointed I 

3. What are his duties I 

4. By whom are the Commissioners of Pharmacy ap- 
pointed ( 

5. State their duties. 

6. What persons compose the Board of Health ? 

7. How do they become members of this Board i 

8. What are their duties 1 

9. What are the duties of the State Librarian I 

10. How many members of the State Historical 
Society ? 

11. How do they become members \ 

12. State fully the object of this Society. 

13. What is said about the Superintendent of Weights 
and Measures ? 

14. What is the duty of the Governor in regard to 
the investigation of State officials ? 

15. How do Notaries Public receive their commissions, 
and what are their duties I 

16. State what is said about filling vacancies. 



LESSON XIV. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT— CONTINUED. 

Officers Appointed by the Governor— Continued. 

111. The Adjutant General holds his office at the 
pleasure of the Governor. It is his duty to issue and 



74 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

transmit all orders sent to him by the Commander-in- 
Chief, and keep a record of all orders, 

Adjutant General. 

regulations, and appointments of officers 
made by the Governor. He performs the duties of Quar- 
ter-master-general except in times of war or great public 
danger. He has charge of the arsenal grounds; he may 
appoint, with the consent of the Governor, an Ordinance- 
Sergeant, who assists him in the discharge of his duties; 
and he furnishes, at the expense of the State, such blanks 
and forms as the Commander-in-Chief approves. He 
resides at the capital of the State. Preceding each 
regular session of the General Assembly, he makes a re- 
port to that body on all matters pertaining to his office, 
as required by law. 

112. With the consent of the Executive Council, the 
Railroad com- Governor appoints the members of the 
mission. Railroad Commission ; one member is 

selected each year prior to the first of April . This Com- 
mission consists of three persons, each of whom continues 
in office for the term of three years. If a vacancy 
occurs at any time, it is filled by the Governor and the 
Executive Council. No person who owns bonds, stock, 
or property in any railroad, or has any pecuniary interest 
in one, is eligible to the office of Commissioner. 

113. These Commissioners have the general supervis- 
ion of all railroads in the State, and it is 
their duty to inquire into any neglect or 
violation of the laws by the railroad corporations. They 
must carefully inspect the condition of each railroad 
in the State, examine its equipments, its conduct, and 
management with reference to public safety and conven- 
ience. They must examine railroad bridges, and report 
their condition to the company. They must report to 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 75 

the Governor once each year facts, statements, and ex- 
planations, such as to show the system of transportation 
and its relations to the business prosperity of the State. 
The Commissioners have their office in the city of Des 

Moines. 

General Provisions. 

114. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Super- 
Eiection: otiice Fur- intendentof Public Instruction are elected 
nisned, etc. j n odd-numbered years ; the Secretary? 
Auditor and Treasurer of State in even-numbered years, 
and all for the term of two years and until their succes- 
sors are elected and qualified. Their offices must be at 
the seat of government, and they are furnished with fuel, 
lights, blank-books, furniture, and any other thing nec- 
essary to enable them to perform their duties promptly 
and efficiently. Their books must be kept open for the 
inspection of the public, and the office of Treasurer must 
be inspected bj^ the Governor every quarter. 

115. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor execute 

no bond. The bond of the Secretary of 
State is for a sum not less than five thou- 
sand dollars, and is filed and recorded in the State Au- 
ditor's office. The Auditor's bond is for a sum not less 
than ten thousand dollars, and the Treasurer's for not 
less than three hundred thousand dollars. The bond of 
the Superintendent of Public Instruction is for the sum of 
two thousand, and that of each Railroad Commissioner 
for ten thousand dollars. These are filed in the office of 
Secretary of State. 

The Executive Council. 

116. The Governor, Secretary, Auditor, and Treas- 
urer of State, or any three of them, constitute the Ex- 



76 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ecutive Council. They furnish the County Auditors with 
who compose it. printed directions and blank forms for the 
I)utks proper taking of the census. They keep 

a journal of all their acts, and have the custody of all 
State property not otherwise provided for. They fur- 
nish light, fuel, blank-books, postage, and furniture to 
the State officers, and all other things necessary to a 
speedy and efficient execution of their duties. They let 
to the lowest responsible bidder the contract for provid- 
ing stationery for the General Assembly, the public 
officers, and the Supreme Court. They let the contract 
for the publication and sale of the Supreme Court 
reports. They assess the property of all railway cor- 
porations in the State, and classify all the railroads. 
They approve the bonds of the Treasurer of the Reform 
School, and that of the College for the Blind. 

117. The Executive Council constitutes the State 
state Board of Board of Canvassers, and as such they 

canvassers. canvass the votes cast in the State elec- 

tions ; but no member thereof can take part in canvass- 
ing the votes for any office for which he is a candidate. 
They make a statement showing the number of ballots 
cast for the nominees of each office, and issue the certifi- 
cates of election to those who receive the greatest num- 
ber of votes. 

118. As a State Board of Equalization, it is the duty 
state Board of °f the Executive Council to increase the 

Equalization. valuation of counties assessed below their 

proper valuation by the County Board of Supervisors by 
such per cent, as will increase them to that standard. 
Likewise, they deduct from those valued too high such 
percentage as will reduce them to the same standard. 
They also determine the rate of State tax to be levied 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 77 

and collected. They keep a record of their proceedings. 
The Auditor of State, by virtue of his office, is secretary 
of the Board. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State the duties of the Adjutant General. 

2. Where does he reside, and for what length of time 
does he serve ? 

3. What is said of the appointment, number, and 
length of term of the Railroad Commissioners i 

4. How are vacancies filled, and who is excluded 
from being a Commissioner ? 

5. State fully the duties of the Commissioners. 

6. What officers are elected in odd-numbered years ? 

7. What officers are elected in even-numbered years ? 

8. How long do they serve, and where do they have 
their offices ? 

9. With what is each one furnished ? 

10. State the amount of the bond of each officer. 

11. Where are these bonds filed I 

12. What persons constitute the Executive Council ? 

13. State their duties as such. 

14. What are their duties as the State Board of Can- 
vassers ? 

15. As the State Board of Equalization ? 

16. Who is secretary of the Board \ 



78 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



LESSON XV. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

1. Supreme Court; 2. Officers of this Court; 3. District 
Court ; 4. Circuit Court; 5. Officers of these Courts. 

119. The Judicial power of the State is vested in the 

Supreme, District, and Circuit Courts, 

Courts. , l • <» • it.i. 

and such interior courts as the Legislative 
bodies establish. The Constitution provides that there 
shall be an Attorney General and District Attorneys, 
who must prosecute or defend in all cases in the Supreme 
Court and District Courts wherein the State is a party. 

The Supreme Court. 

120. This Court * is held at Des Moines, Davenport, 

Dubuque, and Council Bluffs. There are 

Where Held. /* 

Number of judges, two terms a year at each place. JLhere are 
five judges, the one having the shortest 
time to serve before the expiration of his term is Chief 
Justice. Unless three judges are present no business 
can be transacted, but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, to a particular day, or until the next 
term. If all the Judges fail to attend on the first day of 
the term, the clerk must place the fact on record, and 
adjourn the court to the following day. And so on till 
the fourth day when, if none of the Judges appear, the 
court must stand adjourned till the next term. The 

* Is the duty of the Sheriff of the county in which the Court 
is held, to attend the same as he does the District or Circuit Court. 
If he cannot do so, then his deputy must perform the duties. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 79 

records must in all cases show what the decision is 
whether made by a full bench, and if any Judge dis- 
sents, that must be shown also. 

121. One Judge of the Supreme Court is chosen at 

the general election in each odd-numbered 
year. The number of Judges being in- 
creased to five, the provision was made for the election 
of one Judge in 1876 and another in 1878, and every 
sixth year following these years. 

122. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction 
powers and on ly m chancery cases ; it is a court for 

Duties - the correction of errors at law in cases 

properly brought up to it on writs of error from District 
and Circuit Courts ; it has power to issue all writs and 
processes necessary to secure justice to parties; it also 
exercises supreme control over all the inferior tribunals 
of the State. Its decisions are final, except in cases 
requiring the construction of the Federal Constitution or 
statutes. It has power to enforce its mandates by fine 
and imprisonment. Some member of this court always 
administers the oath of office to the Governor and Lieu- 
tenant Governor. 

OFFICERS OF THIS COURT. 

1. Attorney General; 2. Clerk; 3. Reporter. 

Attorney General. 

123. It is the duty of this officer to attend at the seat 

of government during the sessions of the 

Duties. 

General Assembly and the Supreme Court; 
to prosecute or defend in all cases in the Supreme 
Court in which the State is a party to the suit; 
and when requested by the General Assembly, Gov- 



80 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ernor, or Executive Council, he must appear in any suit 
wherein the State is an interested party. He must give 
his opinion in writing upon all questions submitted to 
him by either House of the Legislature, by the State 
officers, by the Executive Council or any District Attor- 
ney. It is his duty to examine the certificates of any 
insurance companies formed in the State ; he may bring 
an action to close up any insurance company ; and may 
bring proceedings against any life insurance company or 
bank association in the State. 

124. The Attorney General is elected by the people 

Election and a ^ a general election in even-numbered 

Bond - years for the term of two years. He must 

give a bond for a sum not less than ten thousand dollars. 



6 



Clerk of the Supreme Court. 

125. The Clerk must have his office at the seat of 

government, and keep a full record of all 
the proceedings of the court, and must not 
permit any written opinion of the court to be taken from 
his office. He may administer oaths, must docket and 
arrange the causes as they are filed, giving due notice 
thereof. 

126. He is elected for the term of four years at a 

general election of the people, in each 
fourth year, beginning with 1874. He 

must file a bond in a sum of not less than ten thousand 

dollars. 

Reporter of Supreme Court. 

127. This officer is chosen at the same time and for 
Election and ^he same length of term as the Clerk, and 

Dutlea - must file a bond for the same amount. He 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 81 

must furnish the publishers of the Supreme Court 
reports with a copy of the opinions of this court, accom- 
panied with a syllabus of each opinion, together with a 
brief statement of the facts involved and the leading 
propositions made by the counsel. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. In what bodies is the Judicial authority vested? 

2. Where is the Supreme Court held? 

3. How many terms each year are there ? 

4. What is the number of Judges of the Supreme 
Court, and who is Chief Justice ? 

5. How many Judges does it take to transact busi- 
ness? 

6. What may a smaller number do ? 

7. What is done if none of the Judges attend the first 
day ? The second ? Third ? Fourth ? 

8. What must the records show ? 

9. When are the Judges elected ? 

10. In what cases has this court appellate jurisdiction ? 

11. What powers has it and what of its decisions? 

12. State fully the duties of the Attorney General. 

13. What of his election and bond ? 

14. What are the duties of the Clerk of the Supreme 
Court? 

15. What are the duties of the Reporter? 



82 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



LESSON XVI. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT-CONTINUED. 

District Court. 

128. During his term of office the District Judge is 

not eligible to any other office except that 

other office. of Juctee of the Supreme Court, and he 

Jurisdiction. ° . . x . !, 

must be a resident or the district* tor which 
he is chosen. The Constitution establishes the District 

* The State is divided into fourteenf districts, as follows : 

First — Des Moines, Henry, Lee, and Louisa. 

Second — Appanoose, Lucas, Davis, Monroe, Van Buren, Wa- 
pello, and Wayne. 

Third — Adams, Clarke, Decatur, Montgomery, Page, Ringgold, 
Taylor and Union. 

Fourth — Cherokee, Harrison, Lyon, Monona, O'Brien, Osceola, 
Plymouth, Sioux and Woodbury. 

Fifth — Adair, Dallas, Guthrie, Madison, Polk, and Warren. 

Sixth — Jasper, Jefferson, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion, Poweshiek, 
and Washington. 

Seventh — Clinton, Jackson, Muscatine, and Scott. 

Eighth — Benton, Cedar, Iowa, Johnson, Jones, Linn, and Tama. 

Ninth — Blackhawk, Buchanan, Delaware, Dubuque, and Grundy. 

Tenth — Allamakee, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Howard, and 
Winneshiek. 

Eleventh— Boone, Franklin, Hamilton, Hardin, Marshall, Story, 
Webster and Wright. 

Twelfth — Bremer, Butler, Cerro Gordo, Floyd, Hancock, 
Mitchell, Winnebago, and Worth. 

Thirteenth— Audubon, Carroll, Cass, Crawford, Fremont, Greene, 
Mills, Pottawattamie, and Shelby. 

Fourteenth — Buena Vista, Calhoun, Clay, Dickinson, Emmett, 
Humboldt. Ida, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, and Sac. 

t At the general election, 1884, an amendment was adopted giving the General 
Assembly the power to divide the State into the necessary number of judicial dis- 
tricts, or to reorganize the present division of the State. As it is at present the work 
of the District Courts of the State Is quite unequally distributed. It Is likely that the 
General Assembly of 1886 will either redistrict the State or reorganize the districts 
as they now stand. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 83 

Court, which is both a court of law and equity ; it has 
general original jurisdiction of civil as well as criminal 
cases, when not otherwise provided, and exclusive orig- 
inal jurisdiction in all criminal cases presented by the 
Grand Jury, and all appeals of criminal cases from 
inferior courts must be tried in this court. 

Circuit Court. 

129. This is an inferior court* established by the Gen- 
eral Assembly. It exercises general orig- 
inal jurisdiction concurrent with the Dis- 
trict Court in all civil actions, and exclusive jurisdiction 
of the probate of wills and the appointment of executors, 
administrators, or trustees thereof, It also has jurisdic- 
tion of persons requiring guardianship, of all appeals 
and writs of error from inferior courts, tribunals, or 
officers. And its powers of supervision are such that it 
may correct and prevent abuses in these courts. 

Provisions Relating to the District and Circuit 

Courts, 

130. At least two terms of each of these courts must 

be held in every organized county each 

Time and Terms. . . ° . ^ 

year. Ihe District and Circuit Judges nx 
the times of holding court, which must be published by 
the Clerk of the District Court in each county. 

131. These Judges are chosen for the term of four years 
Election; Term a ^ the general election in even-numbered 

of service. years. Circuit Judges are chosen at each 

Presidential election ; also, District Judges at the same 

* The circuits are made up of the same counties as the districts. 
However, several of them are subdivided with a Judge for each such 
division. 



84 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

time in the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth districts. 
The remaining districts choose Judges two years later. 

132. Judges may, on account of sickness, or some 
Adjournment and other sufficient cause, adjourn court to 

change of Trial. gome other specified date. If the county 
in which the court is held is a party to the action, or if 
the Judge is directly interested in it, or is related to the 
parties, it is his duty to grant a change of trial. District 
Judges may hold court for each other ; Circuit Judges 
may do the same. The Judges must sign the entries of 
record made. 

Provisions Relating to Judges of all the Courts. 

133. A Judge of a court of record cannot practice as 

an attorney at law, or give advice in rela- 
tion to any action in court, or about to be 
brought there. And a Judge who is a party to a suit, 
or related (within the fourth degree) to either party to 
the suit, is disqualified from acting as such. 

134. A Judge is not required to give bond, but he must 

subscribe to an oath in effect as follows: 
That he will support the Constitution of 
the United States and that of the State of Iowa, and that 
without fear, favor, affection, or hope of reward he will, 
to the best of his ability and knowledge, administer 
justice according to the law, equally to the rich and 
poor. 

135. The Judge of any court is authorized to admin- 
Powe™ and ^ev oaths, solemnize marriages, and take 
Dutles - acknowledgments of any instruments in 

writing. It is the duty of the Judges of courts of rec- 
ord to be conservators of peace, and when any one of them 
resigns, such resignations must be made to the Governor. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 85 

Under proper hearing, which satisfies a Judge that a 
boy or girl is a fit subject for the Reform School, he 
must commit such person by warrant into the care of 
the officers of that institution. But no one can be sent 
there who is under the age of seven, or of unsound mind. 
In case it is shown a Judge that the parents of any 
child are dead, or are habitual drunkards, or are impris- 
oned for crime, or have neglected to provide for their 
child, or have abandoned it, if he thinks the welfare of 
the child demands it, he must surrender it to the Home 
of the Friendless. 

136. A Judge may be a witness for either party to the 

suit, but in such a case it is proper for him 
to order that the trial take place before 
some other Judge. 

137. Should any Judge or Justice of the Peace stir up 

any quarrel or suit between persons, with 
the intent to injure them, the punishment is 
a fine not to exceed five hundred dollars, and the offender 
is answerable to the injured party for three times the dam- 
age done. Should any one falsely act as Judge or Justice 
of the Peace, or require any one to aid him in the 
duties of such office, his punishment is a fine and impris- 
onment. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. To what office only is a District Judge eligible ? 

2. What instrument establishes this court and what 
is its jurisdiction ? 

3. By what body is the Circuit Court established? 

4. What is the jurisdiction of this court? 

5. What of the number of terms and the time of 
holding court? 



86 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



tf. When and for what length of term are District 



o* 



and Circuit Judges chosen? 



^ 



7. In what cases may a Judge adjourn court ? 

8. What of Judges exchanging districts? Also cir- 
cuits ? 

9. What of signing the entries ? 

10. What restrictions are placed upon Judges? 

11. Repeat the oath of Judges. 

12. State fully the powers and duties of a Judge ? 

13. May a Judge be a witness ? 

14. What punishments may be inflicted upon a Judge 
or Justice of the Peace ? 



LESSON XVII. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT— CONTINUED. 

OFFICERS OF THESE COURTS. 

1. District Attorney; 2. Clerk; 3 Short -Hand Reporter; 

4. Sheriff. 

District Attorney. 
138. The District Attorney must appear for the State 

Appear in District" 1 an y county of the district, in any case 
and circuit courts. | n w hi c h the State or county is a party or 

is interested. His duty as Prosecuting Attorney ex- 
tends to the Circuit as well as the District Court. And 
if a case is brought by change of trial from any other 
District or Circuit Court, he must appear the same as if 
it had originated within his own jurisdiction. 



Duties. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 87 

139. When any county officer in the district requests 

the written opinion of the District Attor- 

Written Opinion. . ^ , , . 

ney upon any question of law relative to 
the duties of his office, he must give his opinion 
as desired without fee. 

140. District Attorneys* are elected in even-num- 

Eiectionand bered y ears - Th€ ; Twelfth, Thirteenth, 
Bond - and Fourteenth judicial districts elect 

Prosecuting Attorneys in Presidential years ; the others, 
two years later. The bond of the District Attorney must 
be for a'sum not less than ten thousand dollars. 

141. Should the District Attorney at any time resign, 
such resignation must be made to the 
Governor. He must prosecute all viola- 
tions of the liquor law, and, together with the Circuit 
Judge, must inspect the jails of the district from time to 
time. In all necessary cases the Grand Jury may ask 
his advice and require him to examine witnesses ; and if 
he deem it best, he may appear before the Grand Jury 
upon his own request. 

Clerk, 

142. The Clerk (who is also County Clerk) of the 

District Court is by virtue of his office 
Clerk of the Circuit Court. He can nei- 
ther act as Justice of the Peace nor be an attorney-at- 
law while he is Clerk. His office must be at the county 
seat, and he or his deputy must attend all the sessions of 

* By an amendment adopted at the general election, 1884, the 
office of District Attorney was abolished, and, at the general election 
in 1886, each county of the State will elect a County Attorney, who 
will perform in the county the duties now discharged by the District 
Attorney. He must be a resident of the county for which he is 
elected, and will hold his office for the term of two years, and until 
his successor is elected and qualified. 



88 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

the courts ; have the care of the records, papers, and 
seals of both courts ; and keep the records in accordance 
with the law and the instructions of the Judges. He must 
keep a Record Book, Judgment Docket, Fee Book, Sale 
Book, Incumbrance Book, and Appearance Docket. In 
the last one he enters suits in the order in which they are 
filed with him, setting out the names of both parties 
to the suit. 

Short-Hand Reporter. 

143. This officer is appointed by the Judge. There 
Appointment and * s one f° r ea °h court. He takes an oath 

Duties - to perform his duties faithfully, and 

attends such sesssions of court as the Judge directs. He 
must take in writing the oral testimony in civil cases, 
when it is requested by either of the parties; in all 
criminal cases tried upon indictment ; and in other 
criminal cases, if the Judge thinks that the interests 
of either party demand it. 

Sheriff. 

144. The Sheriff or his deputy must attend the ses- 

sions of the District and Circuit Courts, 
and when the requisite number of Jurors 
cannot otherwise be obtained, he must select from the 
bystanders a sufficient number of persons to fill the 
vacancy. If the Judge orders that the Jurors be sup- 
plied with food or lodging, it is the duty of the Sheriff 
to provide it for them at the expense of the county. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the duty of the District Attorney in 
regard to appearing for the State or county? 



THE JURY SYSTEM. 89 

2. When must he submit his written opinion ? 

3. When is he elected i 

4. What is his bond I 

5. State fully his duties. 

6. State fully the duties of the Clerk of the Court. 

7. How many Short-Hand Keporters are there I 

8. What of their appointment, oath, and duties ? 

9. What are the duties of the Sheriff \ 



LESSON XVIII. 

THE JURY SYSTEM. 

145. Any voter who possesses a good moral character, 
salifications and sound judgment, and the sense of hearing 

Exemption. and seeing, is competent to be a Juror. 

A person who is sixty-five years of age, or is a teacher, 
instructor, or professor in any institution of learning, 
a clergyman, attorney, or physician, or an officer of the 
State or the United States, is privileged from serving as 
Juror unless he desires to do so. 

146. The Judge may excuse one selected for a Juror 
Excused by the from serving as such for any of the fol- 

Judge * lowing reasons : the sickness or death of 

one of his family ; or where his own interests or those of 

the public will be greatly injured by his attendance. 

147. One who is lawfully chosen to act as Juror and 

fails to attend according to the summons. 

Failure to Attend. -!/*»• 

and also rails to send a sufficient excuse, 
may be fined. And if he neglect or refuse to pay such 
fine, he may be imprisoned. 



90 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

148. The Judges of Election having been informed by 

the Sheriff of the county of the number of 

Lists Returned. . . 

Jurors to which their election precinct 
is entitled, make out two lists of names and send them 
to the County Auditor. One of these lists consists of 
the names of seventy-five persons from whom the Grand 
Jurors are selected. The other list, of one hundred and 
fifty persons, from whom the trial (petit) Jurors are 
chosen. These persons are apportioned among the town- 
ships or voting precincts according to the number of 
votes cast at the preceding election. 

149. The Auditor writes each of these names on a 

slip of paper and puts the slips into a box 
kept for that purpose, and at least twenty 
days before a term of court the Jurors are drawn. From 
this box the Clerk of the court draws out, one at a time, 
a sufficient number to fill the panel of the Jury. Trial 
Jurors are twenty-four in number, and are selected for 
only one term of court, and cannot be required to serve 
more than two terms in one year. The Grand Jury 
may consist of any number of members not less than 
five nor more than fifteen, as the General Assembly 
may by law provide. These Jurors serve a full year 
beginning with the term of court following the first day 
of January. 

150. At the beginning of a trial in court, the Clerk 
miing up the jury selects by lot twelve out of the twenty- 
Box - four trial Jurors who make up the regular 
panel. Either party has the right to object to any 
Juror. Such objections are called challenges and are 
of two kinds: " for cause," that is, that in some way 
the Juryman is disqualified from serving; or ''per- 
emptory ;" in this the challenging party gives no reason 



THE JURY SYSTEM. 91 

for his objection. For a challenge of the first class the 
Judge excuses or does not excuse the Juryman from 
serving, as his judgment may direct. He always excuses 
for challenges of the second class, which are limited 
in number. Each party has the right to five peremptory 
challenges and no more. After the challenges have 
been exhausted and the Jury box filled, the Jurymen 
are sworn and the trial proceeds in its regular order till 
it is completed. The arguments by the attorneys are 
then heard. After which the Judge instructs the Jurors 
as to the law and places them under the care of a sworn 
officer, called Bailiff. They retire with the officer for 
deliberation, and must either agree or disagree upon a 
verdict ; this is reported to the Court. 

151. If at any time during the trial the Jurymen sep- 

arate, it is their duty not to converse with 

Duties of Jurymen. ■ . . . 

other persons concerning any subject con- 
nected with the suit. It is the duty of the Grand Jury 
to inquire into all offenses committed within the county, 
and if they are indictable, present the persons committing 
them to the court by indictment. If one of their num- 
ber knows or has reason to believe that such public 
offense has been committed, it is his duty to report it to 
his fellow Jurors, who must enter into an investigation 
of the same. From the number summoned as Grand 
Jurors, the Judge appoints one to act as foreman and to 
swear the witnesses. 

152. The Grand Jury selects a clerk from their num- 
*powers of Grand ber w h° mu st make a minute of the pro- 

Juror8, ceedings and of the evidence given before 

it. The Clerk of the Court issues subpenas summoning 

* At the general election, 1884, the following amendment was 
adopted, which may in the future cause a change in the Jury system, 



92 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

witnesses to testify before the Grand Jury. A witness 
may be compelled to obey the summons, and may be 
punished for disobeying it. Should he refuse to answer 
a question, the Grand Jury must proceed with him into 
the court room, and, distinctly stating the refusal to the 
Judge, await his decision. A Grand Juror shall not be 
questioned for what he may have said, or for any vote 
he ma}' have cast, unless he has committed perjury. 
For this offense he may not only be questioned, but may 
be punished. 

153. The Grand Jur}' must especially inquire into 
the following : 

1. Any one who is confined in the county jail on a 
criminal charge., 

2. Into the management and condition of any public 
prison in the county. 

3. Into the willful misconduct in office of any county 
officer. 

4. Into obstructed highways. 

And in no case can an indictment be found otherwise 
than by the concurrence of twelve Jurors. And when a 
bill or indictment has thus been found it must be en- 
dorsed a " true. bill," and signed by the foreman. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who is competent to be a Juror, and who is privi- 
ledged from serving as such ? 

2. When may a Juror be excused from serving? 

However, it affects only the Grand Jury: "The Grand Jury may 
consist of any number of members, not less than five nor more than 
fifteen as the General Assembly may by law provide, or the General 
Assembly may provide for holding persons to answer for any crim- 
inal offense without the intervention of a Grand Jury." 



THE JURY SYSTEM. 93 

3. What of the failure to attend when chosen as a 
Juror. 

4. State what is said of returning lists to the County 
Auditor. 

5. Upon what basis is the apportionment made ? 

6. State what is said about drawing Jurors. 

7. What is the number of Jurors ? 

8. What about filling up the jury-box, and challeng- 
ing Jurors I 

9. State all you can about the trial, and the retire- 
ment of the Jurors i 

10. What are the duties of Jurors \ 

11. State all that is said about the powers of Grand 
Jurors. 

12. Into what offenses must the Grand Jury especially 
inquire ? 

13. What of the finding of the Grand Jury and the 
indictment ? 

Reference Table. 

ANNUAL SALARIES OF OFFICERS. 

Members of either body of the General Assembly (See par. 59) $ 550 

Speaker of the House of Representatives 1,100 

Governor 3.000 

Governor's Private Secretary. _ _ _ . 1, 200 

Lieutenant Governor (and mileage as a Legislator) 1, 100 

Secretary of State 2,200 

Deputy Secretary of State _ 1,200 

Auditor of State _ _ 2,200 

Deputy Auditor of State _ 1,200 

Treasurer of State... 2,200 

Deputy Treasurer of State _ _._ 1,200 

Superintendent of Public Instruction _ 2,200 

Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction.. 1,200 

Fish Commissioner 1,200 



94 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Assistant Fish Commissioner $600 

Inspector of Mines _ 1,500 

Secretary of the Board of Health, not to exceed 1,200 

State Librarian 1,000 

Superintendent of Weights and Measures 50 

Adjutant General _ _ 1,500 

Ordnance-Sergeant 500 

Railroad Commissioners, each _ 3,000 

Judges of the Supreme Court, each 4,000 

* Attorney General _ ___ 1, 500 

(•Clerk of the Supreme Court _ 2,200 

Supreme Court Reporter _.. ___ 2,000 

Judges of the District Court, each _. 2,200 

Judges of the Circuit Court, each _._ _ 2,200 

{District Attorney _ 600 

§ Short-Hand Reporter, not to exceed per day 6 

Commissioners of Pharmacy receive : 

From each person whom they register and furnish a certificate, 2 

From each person examined _. 5 

* Whenever the Attorney General is required to attend any of 
the courts of the State (except the Supreme Court when held at Des 
Moines), or the Federal Courts in any State, he receives in addition 
to his salary, five dollars for each day's attendance ; and some fees 
beside this are allowed him. 

f Besides his salary, the Clerk of the Supreme Court is allowed 
for clerk hire, not to exceed, per annum, $1,200. 

X Besides his annual salary, the District Attorney receives the 
following fees : For each conviction on plea of guilty, $5 ; for each 
jury trial in cases of misdemeanor, $10; for each jury trial, in cases 
of felony, $20; for each judgment for costs only, $5; for prosecut- 
ing before the Justice of the Peace for violation of the liquor laws, 
$5 ; for fines and forfeitures less than two hundred dollars, ten per 
cent of all collected; for all sums exceeding that amount, one per 
cent. 

§ The Short-Hand Reporter receives for each transcript six cents 
for every one hundred words contained in it. 



CIVIL GOVEENMENT OF THE COUNTY. 95 



DIVISION TWO. 



LESSON XIX. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 

The Outline. 

II. County. — A. Legislative: 1. Board of Supervisors. 

B. Executive : 1. Board of Supervisors. 

2. County Treasurer. 

3. County Auditor. 

4. County Superintendent. 

5. County Clerk. 

6. Sheriff of the County. 

7. County Recorder. 

8. County Surveyor. 

9. Coroner. 

10. Officers Appointed. 

C. Judicial: 1. District Court. 

2. Circuit Court. 

County. 

154. In the county organization we find the same 
departments as in the State : A, Legislative ; B, Exec- 
utive ; C, Judicial. 

155. The State is divided into ninety-nine counties. 
Divisions of the ^ was intended that each county should 

State contain sixteen townships, but for various 

reasons there are many exceptions; some townships con- 
tain more, and some less in number. 

156. The city or town located nearest the center is 

usuallv the county seat ; here the courts 

County Seat. . " ■ • i i & i tv 

are held ; at this place the otnces and om- 



96 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

cers are located; and many other advantages combine 
to make it the center of influence and wealth. 

157. The distribution of powers, in a measure, is the 
Distribution of same in the county as in the State. 

powers. Whilst the divisions are not distinctly 

marked, there is in a sense a division into departments ; 
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The powers of the 
different departments are sometimes vested in the same 
officer, thus showing a tendency to centralization. In 
some instances the members of the Board of Super- 
visors execute the laws ; in others, they sit as a court. 
The same is true of the County Superintendent, and 
some other officers. 

158. County officers are elected for the same time 
EiectioD and an d f° r the same period as the State offi- 

Term of office. cers ^ w m 1 ^g exce ption: each member of 

the Board of Supervisors holds for three years. 

LEGISLATIVE. 

Board of Supervisors. 
159. All Legislative powers of the county are lodged 
power to Legia- W1 ^ ^ e B°ard of Supervisors. As the 
late - General Assembly may enact no law con- 

trary to the Constitution of the State, so the members 
of the Board must follow the statutes as far as directed by 
them. But their jurisdiction includes an important part 
of the local government, which is not directly reached by 
statute, and herein they exercise their power to legislate. 
As the General Assembly establishes and maintains 
State institutions, so does the Board the county institu- 
tions. The State officers report to the Legislative bodies; 
the county officers to the Board of Supervisors. As the 
State is divided by the Legislators into districts for the 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 97 

election of Senators and Bepresentatives, so may the 
county be divided by the Board of Supervisors into dis- 
tricts for the election of members thereof. 

160. The Board of Supervisors consists of three qual- 

ified electors chosen by the voters of the 

General Provisions. ^ T n ., i n i r» 

county. No two ot them shall be trom 
the same township or district. At their first meeting 
in each year, the members of the Board must organize 
by electing one of their number chairman, who presides 
at their meetings, and has power to administer oaths 
concerning any matter before them. A majority of the 
Board is a quorum to transact business. The regular 
sessions begin on the first Monday in January, June, 
September, and the first Monday after the general elec- 
tion in each year. Special meetings may be called by 
the County Auditor upon the written request of a ma- 
jority of the Board. 

EXECUTIVE. 

1. Board of Supervisors; 2. Treasurer; 3. Auditor; 4. 
Superintendent; 5. Clerk; 6. Sheriff; 7. Recorder; 
8. Surveyor; 9. Coroner; 10. Officers Appointed. 

Board of Supervisors. 

161. The following are among the many powers of 
the Board : To purchase real estate* for the county when 

* This gives the Board the power to establish, maintain, and 
control a poor house and farm. Poor persons who cannot support 
themselves, and fail to find support from their relatives or friends, 
may here find shelter, food, and clothing. No person can be admit- 
ted except upon the written order of a township Trustee or a member 
of the Board of Supervisors. The Board may bind out such chil- 
dren of the poor house as they think are likely to remain a charge 
upon the public. When any inmate becomes able to support himself 
the Board may order his discharge. Those who are inmates of the 
poor house may be required to do such work as their age and strength 
will permit. The expense of thus supporting the poor is paid out of 
the county treasury. 

7 



5)8 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

it is needed ; to see that county officers give bonds suffi- 
Powersofthe cient to insure the faithful performance 
Board * of their duties ; to require them to make 

reports on subjects connected with their offices ; to have 
*he care and management of the business and property 
of the county not otherwise provided for ; to fix the 
compensation of any county or township officer not pro- 
vided by law ; to lay out, establish, alter, 01 discontinue 
any highway ; to build and repair bridges ; and to exer- 
cise over the poor all the powers given by law. 

162. The Board may submit to a vote of the people 
submit Questions, the question of building a court house in 

etc - the county, also, whether stock shall run 

at large ; may contract for the support of the poor, if 
there is no poor house ; procure standard weights and 
measures ; appoint an inspector of lumber and shingles ; 
and designate a county sealer who holds his office at 
the pleasure of the Board. 

163. The following are among the many duties which 

the Board must perform : provide ballot 

Special Duties. 1 n , 

boxes tor each voting precinct ; secure a 
place for holding court when there is no court house ; 
furnish Justices of the Peace with dockets, and county 
officers with offices, lights, fuel, stationery, and what- 
ever is necessary to a speedy and proper execution of 
their duties; manage and control the school fund; ex- 
amine all accounts and settle all just claims against 
the county ; publish the proceedings of the Board ; and 
if any member resign, such resignation must be made 
to the County Auditor. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 99 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Do not fail to master the outline of the civil gov- 
ernment of the county. 

2. State what is said about the departments in the 
county organization. 

3. About the division of the State into counties. 

4. About the county seat. 

5. State what is said about the distribution of powers. 

6. What of the election and term of office of county 
officers ? 

7. With what body is the Legislative power vested ? 

8. What can you say of the power of the Board to 
legislate ? 

9. State what you can about the general provisions 
for the Board. 

10. Name the Executive officers of the county. 

11. What are the powers of the Board ? 

12. State fully the special duties of the Board. 



LESSON XX. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY — CON- 

TINUED. 

Board of Supervisors— Continued. 

164, The Board must keep the following books : 1. 

Minute Book ; in which decisions made by 

them and all orders for money are kept ; 

2. Highway Record ; in which are recorded all proceed- 



100 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

ings regarding highways ; 3. Warrant Book ; in which 
are entered the number, date, amount, and name of the 
drawee of every warrant drawn on the treasury. 

165. It is the duty of the Board of Supervisors to 
county Board of equalize the assessment of taxes in the 

Equalization. various townships of the county. This is 

done with a like effect, and substantially in the same 
manner, as that of the State Board of Equalization. 

166. This Board also constitutes the County Board of 
county Board of Canvassers. As members of this Board, 

canvassers. faey meet at noon on Monday following 

the election and canvass the returns of the different 
townships of the county. They make an abstract of the 
number of ballots cast for each person. The vote cast is 
classified as follows, each class being on a separate sheet: 

1. Governor and Lieutenant Governor; 

2. All State officers not otherwise provided for ; 

3. Representatives in Congress ; 

4. Senators and Representatives from the county in 
the General Assembly. 

5. Senators and Representatives in the General As- 
sembly by districts comprising more than one county ; 

6. Judges of the District Court, Judges of the Circuit 
Court, and District Attorneys ; 

7. County officers. 

County Treasurer. 

167. The Treasurer receives all the money payable 

to the county, and pays it out only on 
warrants drawn and signed by the Audi- 
tor, and sealed with the county seal. He keeps an 
account of the warrants drawn on him, showing the 
number, date, drawee's name, when and to whom paid, 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 101 

the amount and interest paid on each, and makes a 
return thereof to the Auditor. He keeps a separate 
account of the State, county, school, and highway 
taxes. 

168. On or before the fifteenth day of each month, 

the Treasurer must make a sworn state- 

Sworn Statement. . « ., in • l • 1 j 

ment of the amount of money m his hands 
on the first day of the month, and send it by mail to the 
State Auditor. 

169. Twice each year, in April and December, unless 

otherwise ordered, he must remit to the 

Remit Money. . ^ ,., , . 

State Treasurer all moneys in his posses- 
sion belonging to the State. 

170. At the regular meetings in January and June, 
settlement with h e m ust make a settlement with the Board 

Board - of Supervisors. Also, on going out of 

office, he makes a similar settlement, delivering up to 
his successor all books, papers, moneys, and property 
belonging to the office, and takes a receipt therefor. 

171. The salary of the County Treasurer arises from 

two sources : on the certificates of pur- 

Compensation. - D , , 1 . n . 

chase ot land sold tor taxes, and a certain 
per cent, of the money handled by him. When the 
amount arising from these sources exceeds twelve hun- 
dred dollars per annum, in counties where taxes are col- 
lected by township collectors, or fifteen hundred dollars 
in counties having no such collectors, the excess must be 
paid into the county treasury. But in counties whose 
population does not exceed ten thousand, the salary can 
in no case exceed thirteen hundred dollars. And in 
counties exceeding thirty thousand population, the 
members of the Board of Supervisors may allow such 
additional compensation as they deem just and proper. 



108 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

County Auditor. 

172. The Auditor is clerk of the Board of Super- 
visors. As such, it is his duty to record 

Duties. 

the proceedings of that body ; to enter on 
record all acts regarding the raising of money and pay- 
ing it out ; to sign all orders for the payment of money 
issued by the Board ; and to record the reports of the 
County Treasurer. It is his duty to preserve all accounts 
acted upon by the Board. He sells or disposes of the 
session laws, or acts of the General Assembly, placed 
in his charge ; he sends to the Auditor of State an 
abstract of the votes of each election ; also an abstract 
of the census of the county. He makes out the appor- 
tionment of jurors to each election precinct, and sends it 
to the Sheriff; he supplies each election precinct with 
poll books ; and he notifies the Governor if a vacancy 
occurs in the office of Senator or Representative. He 
keeps a record of the bonds of the county officers, and 
makes out the tax list, delivering it to the County Treas- 
urer. This list includes the apportionment of taxes and 
the interest on the school fund. He also certifies to the 
Attorney General a list of those belonging to the militia. 

173. The Auditor calls special meetings of the Board 
special Meetings u P on the written request of a majority of 

of the Board. foe members thereof. He must give each 

one a written notice stating the time, place, and object of 
the meeting. 

174. The salary of the Auditor cannot exceed twelve 

hundred dollars, except in counties con- 

Compensatlon. . . , - - 

taming more than twenty-five thousand 
inhabitants. In such counties, the members of the 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY 10S 

Board of Supervisors may grant such additional com- 
pensation as they think is right. 

County Superintendent. 

175. The County Superintendent must hold a Normal 

Institute for the instruction of teachers ; 

he must publicly examine persons desiring 
certificates to teach ; must decide appeals from the decis- 
ions of Boards of Directors ; must visit the schools of 
the county ; and must have the general oversight of the 
school work throughout the county. In October of each 
year, he makes a report to the State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction containing a full abstract of the 
reports made to him by the Secretaries and Treasurers of 
the school districts in the county. 

176. In the administration of his duties, the law vests 
Discretionary Pow- the Superintendent with large discretion- 
ers - ary powers. He may revoke a teacher's 
certificate for any cause that would have justified him 
in withholding it. In the examination of teachers for 
certificates, it is the duty of the Superintendent not only 
to inquire into the literary qualifications, but into the 
moral character, ability to govern, and aptness to teach. 
In no department are there higher interests at stake than 
in that of the common schools. The teacher is a mighty 
factor in the formation of correct habits on the part of 
the pupil, of a love of right principles, of stability and 
firmness of character, and thus in the destiny of our 
Republic. 

The County Superintendent receives four dollars for 
each day necessarily spent in performing 
the duties of his office. The members of 
the Board of Supervisors may allow him whatever addi- 
tional compensation their discretion and judgment direct. 



104 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What books are kept by the Board ? 

2. What duty must the County Board of Equaliza- 
tion perform ? 

3. State fully the duty of the County Board of Can- 
vassers. 

4. What are the duties of County Treasurer ? 

5. What sworn statement, and what remittances of 
money does he make? 

6. What of his settlement with the Board of Super- 
visors ? 

7. What is the compensation of the County Treas- 
urer ? 

8. State clearly and fully the duties of the County 
Auditor. 

9. What is said about special meetings of the Board 
of Supervisors ? 

10. What is the compensation of the County Auditor? 

11. What are the duties of the County Superintendent ? 

12. What of his discretionary powers ? 

13. What qualifications of the teacher should he in- 
quire after? 

14. What can you say of the influence of the teacher ? 



LESSON XXI. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY— CON- 
TINUED. 

County Clerk. 

177. This officer has many duties in addition to those 
stated in paragraph 142. He issues 

Duties. -. X . j ! -, n 

license tor marriage and keeps a record or 
the marriages, births and deaths. He issues subpenas 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 105 

for witnesses; certifies to the County Auditor the fees of 
Jurors ; appoints guardians, administrators, and execu- 
tors when the court is not in session ; and is a member 
and the Clerk of the Commissioners of the Insane. 
When a case has been tried by a jury, the Clerk gener- 
ally enters judgment, which must always be in accord 
with the verdict. If a judgment has been satisfied, or 
set aside, he should at once make the record show it. 

178. It is the duty of any one having a will in cus- 

tody to file it with the Clerk as soon as he 
hears of the death of the testator. The 
Clerk must then open and read the will, and appoint a 
day for proving it. This is called probating a will. 

179. The Clerk cannot receive more than eleven hun- 

dred dollars per annum, in a countv whose 

Compensation. _ • 

population does not exceed ten thousand ; 
nor more than thirteen hundred, when the population 
does not exceed twent}^ thousand; nor more than fifteen 
hundred, when the population does not exceed thirty 
thousand. In counties exceeding that number, the 
members of the Board of Supervisors may allow ad- 
ditional compensation not to exceed twenty-five hundred 
dollars. And in counties exceeding forty thousand, they 
may allow not to exceed thirty-five hundred dollars. 

Sheriff of the County. 

180. The duties of the Sheriff are various. He must 

give notice of anv general election by pub- 
Duties. °.. , yS " , i • 

lishing the Governor's proclamation ten 
days prior thereto. In taking private property for pub- 
lic purposes, in case the parties disagree, he must 
appoint a jury to assess the damages. He is primarily 
a peace officer, and must keep order and quiet in the 



106 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

community. And when there is a tumult, or riot, or 
imminent danger, he may call for the militia to assist in 
enforcing the laws. When a Jury is deliberating upon 
a case, he must supply them with food, as the Judge 
may direct. 

181. The compensation of the Sheriff consists mostly 

of fees, which vary according to the labor 

involved in the performance of the duties. 

He is also allowed an annual salary, as the Board of 

Supervisors may determine ; but it cannot exceed two 

hundred dollars. 

County Recorder. 

182. This officer must record in full, in accordance 

with the law, and as speedily as possible, 
all instruments filed with him for that pur- 
pose. The following are the principal instruments filed 
with him for record: Deeds, mortgages, chattel mort- 
gages, satisfaction of mortgages, leases, releases, articles 
of incorporation, town plats, and power of attorney. 

183. The salary of the County Recorder is derived 

from fees, as follows: Fifty cents for re- 

Compensation. ... . . ' . . n 

cording each instrument containing four 
hundred words ; and ten cents for every additional hun- 
dred or fraction thereof. 

County Surveyor. 

184. The County Surveyor makes all surveys of 

land when called upon. He must record 

Duties 

his field notes and plats in a book for that 
purpose, furnished him by the Board of Supervisors. 

185. This officer receives four dollars for each day's 

work, and fifty cents for each plat or copy 

Compensation. . . n , , , 

ot the field notes made. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 107 



Coroner. 

186. The Coroner must perform the duties of Sheriff 

when that office is vacant, or in cases in 

Duties 

which the Sheriff is personally interested 
or prejudiced. He must hold an inquest upon the body 
of any person who dies in an unusual manner. It is his 
duty to select three electors of the county, who must act 
as Jurors at the inquest. He has the power to compel 
witnesses to be present and give testimony; and should 
he deem it advisable, he may summon one or more phy- 
sicians to assist in the examination. 

187. The Coroner returns to the District Court a list 

Returns to the °f the witnesses, the written evidence as 
District court. taken down by the Clerk during the in- 
quest, and the written conclusion of the Jurors. If it is 
found that a crime has been committed on the body of 
the deceased, the conclusion of the Jury is sufficient to 
warrant the arrest of the offender. 

188. The Coroner receives five dollars for each in- 

quest taken and returned, and three dol- 
lars for the examination of a body without 
an inquest. He also receives mileage fees for each war- 
rant, subpena, or order issued by him; he is also paid 
for the distance which he travels. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State clearly and fully the duties of the County 
Clerk. 

2. What is said of wills? 

3. What is the compensation of the County Clerk? 

4. What are the duties of the Sheriff of the County ? 

5. When may he call for the militia ? 



108 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

6. What is his compensation i 

7. State the duties of County Auditor. 

8. Name the principal instruments filed with him for 
record. 

9. What is his compensation ? 

10. What are the duties of the County Surveyor? 

11. What is his compensation ? 

12. State fully the duties of Coroner. 

13. What returns does he make to the District Court i 

14. State the compensation which he receives. 



LESSON XXII. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY— CON- 
TINUED. 

OFFICERS APPOINTED. 

Commissioners of Insanity. 

189. In each county there must be a board of three 

Commissioners of Insanity. The County 
Clerk is one member of this board ; the 
Judge of the Circuit Court appoints the other two 
members, one of whom must be a lawyer, the other a 
physician. Each member serves for three years, and 
the term of one Commissioner expires each year. 

190. These Commissioners have cognizance of all 

applications for admission to the Hospital, 
or for the safe keeping otherwise of insane 
persons within the county, except such cases as are spe- 
cially provided for. They have the power to issue sub- 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. 109 

penas, and compel obedience thereto; to administer 
oaths ; and to do any act necessary and proper in the 
premises. 

General Provisions. 

191. The Treasurer, Auditor, Clerk. Sheriff, and 
selection of Recorder may select the newspapers in 

Newspapers. which they publish the business notices 

pertaining to their offices. And the Board of Supervis- 
ors selects those in which all other notices of county 
business are published. 

192. At the general election in even-numbered years, 

the voters elect the Clerk, Recorder, and 

Election. p i -r» -i • -i i i t 

nember ot the Board ; m odd-numbered 
years, the Treasurer, Auditor, Sheriff, Superintendent, 
Coroner, Surveyor, and member of the Board. 

193. The bonds of the Treasurer, Auditor, and Clerk 

cannot be for a less sum than five thous- 
and dollars, and each may be increased at 
the discretion of the Board. The Treasurer's bond is 
usually given for a large sum, often for more than one 
hundred thousand dollars. The amount of the bonds of 
the other officers is wholly under the control of the 
Board of Supervisors. 

191. The Clerk, the Treasurer, Sheriff, Auditor, Re- 
corder, and Surveyor may each appoint 
deputies, who must also file bonds. 
195. Any county officer may be removed from office 
for habitual or willful neglect of duty, 
partiality, oppression, extortion, corrup- 
tion, or willful mal-administration in office. Also he 
may be removed upon conviction of felony, or for not 
producing and accounting for all public funds or prop- 
erty in his care. 



110 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

196. Each county officer must report any information 
in his possession regarding his office when called upon to 

do so by the Governor, or by either body 
of the General Assembly. All county 
officers must have their offices at the county seat. The 
Clerk, Sheriff, Auditor, or their deputies may adminis- 
ter oaths. 

197. Ladies may fill the offices of County Recorder 
and Superintendent. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

District Court; Circuit Court. 

198. Formerly each county had a Judicial depart- 
ment known as the County Court. The courts named 
above now do the business which was done by the 
County Court, and the petition is headed substantially 

as follows: In the District (or Circuit) Court, 

County, State of Iowa. 

The Justice of the Peace has jurisdistion in any part 
of the county, but since he is elected as a township offi- 
cer, he is classified there. 

We thus find that while there is sufficient Judicial 
authority in the county, the officers thereof are elected 
by districts, circuits or townships. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who are members of the Board of Commissioners 
of Insanity ? 

2. How long do they serve ? 

3. What are their powers ? 

4. Who selects the newspapers in which to publish 
county business notices ? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTY. Ill 

5. For what amount are the bonds of county officers 
given ? 

6. What of the appointment of deputies ? 

7. State what is said about the removal of county 
officers ? 

8. What is said about their duties in this lesson ? 

9. What offices may ladies fill ? 

10. What court did we formerly have in each county ? 

11. What courts have taken the place of this one ? 

12. How does the petition for a cause begin ? 

13. What is said about the Justice's court ? 

14. What about the Judicial authority of the county ? 






112 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



DIVISION THREE 



LESSON XXIII. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 

The Outline. 
III. Township. — 

A. Legislative: 1. Township Trustees. 

2. School Board. 

B. Executive: 1. Township Trustees. 

2. Township Clerk. 

3. Township Assessor. 

4. Constable. 

5. Road Supervisors. 

6. School Officers. 

C. Judicial: 1. Justices of the Peace 

Township. 

199. In this part we find the same departments as in 
those we have studied : A. Legislative ; B. Executive ; 
C. Judicial. 

200. As the State is divided into counties, and the 

counties into townships, so the townships 

Divisions. . _ „ ,1 . r 

are divided into smaller organizations. 
The members of the School Board may divide the 
township into such sub-districts as in their judgment 
the educational interests demand; the Board of Trustees 
may divide it into as many road districts as may be 
necessary for the public good, and into two or more 
voting precincts to suit the convenience of the electors. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 113 

201. The distribution of powers in the township is 
Distribution of much the same as in the county ; not dis- 

powers. tinctly marked as in the State, but sufficient 

to justify the same outlines. The powers of the differ- 
ent departments are vested in the Township Board of 
Trustees and the School Boards. 

LEGISLATIVE. 
1. Township Trustees ; 2. School Boards. 

This department is restricted in the same way as that 
of the county. 

Township Trustees. 

202. The number of this Board of Trustees is three. 

In the capacity of Legislators, they des- 

Powers. 

ignate the place of holding elections and 
the number of voting precincts ; divide the township 
into road districts, and determine the amount of tax 
to be levied. And as a Board of Health, they have the 
power to make whatever regulations they deem neces- 
sary for the preservation of the health of the public. 

203. On a petition of a majority of the voters of the 
consolidate Road township, the Trustees may consolidate 

Districts. ^ road districts into one highway dis- 

trict. They may let the working of the highways to 
the lowest responsible bidder. Or they may appoint 
a Township Superintendent of Highway, with one or 
more assistants. This officer, under the direction of the 
Board, supervises part or all the work of keeping the 
roads in repair. Under this plan, no road funds can be 
paid out without the order and direction of the Trustees. 

School Board. 

The School Board has Legislative powers and duties, 

8 



1U CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

but these, with their other powers and duties, are treated 
of as a whole in the next lesson. 

EXECUTIVE. 
1. Trustees; 2. Clerk; 3. Assessor; 4. Constable; 5. Road Su- 
pervisor; 6. School Officers. 

Township Trustees. 

204. The Township Trustees are the overseers of the 

poor, fence viewers, and Board of Equali- 

Daties. r . ™ , . . , 

zation. lhus they have the care and over- 
sight of the poor, must settle disputes with regard to 
partition fences, and equalize the assessments of prop- 
erty. They make and deliver a list of the qualified 
voters of the township, which is known as the register 
of elections. They must keep a full record of their 
proceedings. 

205. Each member of the Board receives two dollars 

for every day he is engaged in official busi- 
ness. The wages vary for the different 
duties of committee work. 

Township Clerk. 

206. The Clerk is Secretary of the Board of Trustees 

and must keep an accurate account of 
their proceedings. He is a member of 
the Board of Registry, keeps a register of the elections, 
is one of the clerks of election, and after each election 
sends to the County Auditor a report thereof. He is 
Clerk of the Board of Health, approves the bonds of 
township officers (except his own), and makes and certi- 
fies to the highway tax list. 

207. He receives two dollars for each day engaged 

in official business. Part of his compen- 
sation arises from tees. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 115 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Do not fail to master the outline on page 112. 

2. What departments of government do Ave find in 
Division III? 

3. What is said of the divisions in the township? 

4. How does the distribution of powers compare with 
that of the county or State ? 

5. What is the number of Township Trustees, and 
what are their powers in the capacity of Legislators ? 

6. How may the road districts be consolidated ? 

7. What provision may then be made for working 
the highway ? 

8. Name the Executive officers of the township. 

9. Make a clear statement of the duties of Township 
Trustees. 

10. What is their compensation ? 

11. What are the duties of the Township Clerk ? 

12. What is his compensation ? 






LESSON XXIV. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP- 
CONTINUED. 

Township Assessor. 

208. Every tenth year, the Assessor takes the census 
of the township and sends it to the County 

Duties. 

Auditor. This began in 1875. Each year 
he lists every person in his township and assesses all 



116 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

personal property except what is exempted from paying 
taxes. Every other year he assesses the real property. 
He returns all persons subject to military duty, and the 
names, age, and sex of all soldiers' orphans. 

209. He receives two dollars for each day's 

Compensation. WOl'k. 

Constable. 

210. The Constable is subject to all lawful demands 

of the Justice of the Peace, and serves 
any process legally directed to him by the 
Township Trustees, Clerk, Coroner of- the county, or 
any Court. As the Sheriff is the Executive officer of 
the District and Circuit Courts, so is the Constable of 
the Justice's Court. But the Sheriff may also act as 
Executive officer of this court. 

211. The compensation of this officer is wholly made 

Compensation. U p f f ees# 

Road Supervisor* 

212. There is one Highway or Road Supervisor for 

each road district. And as such he must 

Reouire Work. 

require all able-bodied persons between the 
ages of twenty-one and forty-five to perform two days' 
labor on the highway. In every case he should give 
three days' notice ; also, when the work is completed, 
he signs and delivers, a certificate or road receipt, show- 
ing that the work has been done. 

213. It is his duty to keep the roads in as good 
KeepRoadsin repair as the funds in his hands will per- 

Repair. m ^ ^ nc | jf proper notice has been given 

him, he is liable for damages when he neglects to repair 
a highway or bridge. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 117 

214. Each Supervisor receives two dollars for every 

day necessarily spent in performing the 

Compensation. ., . n , . / ~ > 

duties oi his omce. 

School Officers. 

215. There are three classes of School Boards. The 

first is the District Township Board ; the 
district township usually embraces the ter- 
ritory of the civil township, which is divided into sub- 
districts. Each of these districts elects annually one 
Sub-Director ; these Sub-Directors together make up the 
School Board of the township. As the number of sub- 
districts in the various townships differ, so does the 
number of members of the various School Boards. The 
second is the Independent District, in which the Board 
consists of three members in districts whose population 
is less than five hundred ; and six members when it 
exceeds this number. The third is the Board of the 
Independent* District of the Township. In this the 
whole civil township is embraced in one independent dis- 
trict. By this plan there are three members of the 
School Board when the population of the township is 
less than five hundred, and six when it exceeds that 
number. The members are not chosen from the sub- 
districts, but from the township at large. 

216. Each Board organizes by choosing a President, 

* "The plan of making each civil township an independent dis- 
trict, governed by a board of directors chosen from the township at 
large, is, in many respects, the best system yet devised. It reduces 
the number of school officers, provides for gradual changes in the 
board, secures uniform taxation for the support of schools through- 
out the township, encourages the establishment of graded schools for 
advanced scholars, and tends to the selection of teachers according to 
the qualifications and work required in each particular case." — Re- 
marks on school laws by State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 



118 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Secretary, and Treasurer. In the District Township, the 
Treasurer and Secretary may be chosen 

Officers. 

from the members of the Board, if that 
consists of live or more in number. Otherwise, these offi- 
cers must be chosen from persons outside the Board. In 
the Independent District and the Independent District 
of the Township, the Treasurer must always be chosen 
outside the Board. If the population of the district is 
less than five hundred, the Secretary may or may not be 
chosen from the Board; in other cases, he must be chosen 
outside. 

217. It is the duty of the President to preside at all 
Duties of Pres- meetings of the Board, to call special meet- 

Ident - ings, to sign all orders for money, sign all 

contracts made under the direction of the Board, and 
concur with the Sub-Director in dismissing a pupil from 
school. 

218. It is the duty of the Secretary to give notice of 
Duties of secre- the township meeting, notify the County 

tary - Superintendent when each term of school 

will begin, and make an annual* report to him. He 

* The annual report of the Secretary contains the following 
items : 

1. The number of persons, male and female, each, in his district, 
between the ages of live and twenty one years. 

2. The number of schools and branches taught. 

3. The number of pupils and the average attendance in each 
school. 

4. The number of teachers employed, and the average compen 
sation paid per week, distinguishing males from females. 

5. The length of school in days, and the average cost of tuition 
per week for each pupil. 

6. The text books used, and the number of volumes in the dis- 
trict library, and the value of apparatus belonging to the district. 

7. The number of school houses and their estimated value. 

8. The name, age, and post-office address of each deaf and dumb, 
and each blind person within his district between the ages of five and 
twenty-one. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 119 

issues and signs all orders made by the Board, certifies 
the amount of taxes levied to the Board of Supervisors, 
and makes an accurate record of all the proceedings of 
the Board. 

219. He receives such compensation for his services 

Compensation. ag ^ e Board alloWS. 

220. The Treasurer receives and has charge of all 
Duties of Treas- funds of the district; keeps an account of 

urer - money received and paid out, showing to 

which fund it belongs ; pays out money only on order 
signed by the President and Secretary; makes a state- 
ment of the finances to the Board ; and sends an annual* 
report of it to the County Superintendent. 

221. The Treasurer receives such compensation as 

Compensation. the Board alloWS. 

222. Whilst the electors of the district have only such 
powers of school powers as are specially given them by the 

Board statute, the School Board is vested with 

large discretionary powers, which should be used with- 
out partiality and with the greatest care. The admis- 
sion of pupils from other districts, the amount of taxes 
to be levied, the adoption of rules for their own gov- 
ernment, the limitations placed upon the Sub-Directors 
in making contracts, the establishment of graded or 
union schools, the erection of new school houses, the 
creation of other sub-districts, are all either partially 
or wholly discretionary powers of the Board. 

* The annual report of the Treasurer embraces the following: 

1. The amount of teachers' fund held over, received, paid out, 
and on hand. 

2. The amount of contingent fund held over, received, paid out, 
and on hand. 

3. The amount of school house fund held over, received, paid 
out, and on hand. 



120 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

223. There are some duties which the members of 

4he Board must perform. They must pro- 
Duties. . _ . lit. i. . 

vide six months school in every district, 

unless, for sufficient reason, they are excused by the 

County Superintendent ; hold regular meetings in 

March and September ; make contracts to carry out the 

vote of the district ; change school-books not oftener 

than once in three years, unless ordered to do so by the 

electors ; draw no order on the Treasurer for money 

till the claim is audited and allowed ; and make a levy 

of the amount of money needed for the maintenance of 

the schools. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What are the duties and what is the compensation 
of the Assessor ? 

2. What are the duties and what is the compensation 
of the Constable ? 

3. How many Road Supervisors are there ? 

4. What must the Supervisor require? 

5. What is his duty in regard to keeping the roads in 
repair ? 

6. When is he liable for damages ? 

7. What is his compensation ? 

8. State clearly and fully what is said about School 
Boards. 

9. What is said about the President, Treasurer, and 
Secretary ? 

10. What are the duties of the President ? Secretary ? 
Treasurer ? 

11. What is the compensation of Secretary? Treas- 
urer? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 121 

12. What powers are either partially or wholly dis- 
cretionary with the Board ? 

13. What are the duties which the Board must 
perform ? 



LESSON XXV. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP- 
CONTINUED. 

School Officers— Continued. 

Sub-Director. 

224. There are many duties which fall immediately 
upon the Sub-Director. He must give 

Duties . 

notice of the sub-district election, take the 
enumeration of the children of his sub-district and report 
it to the Secretary of the School Board. He must visit 
the school twice each term, and have the general over- 
sight of the school as to the order and decorum of the 
pupils. Perhaps the most important of all is selecting 
the teacher and drawing up the contract. The contract 
must be in writing, signed by the teacher, Sub-Director, 
and approved by the President of the Board. It is the 
duty of this officer, under such rules and restrictions as 
the Board may prescribe, to make all necessary contracts 
for providing fuel for his school, employing a teacher, 
repairing and furnishing the school house, and for mak- 
ing all other provisions necessary for the convenience 
and prosperity of the school. This, however, must be 
done strictly in accordance with the rules and restric- 



122 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

tions of the Board. He may be limited to a certain 
class of teachers ; for example, those who hold first- 
grade certificates, or male, or female teachers, and other 

like restrictions. 

Teacher. 

225. Before entering upon his duties the Teacher 

must obtain a certificate from the County 

Duties. 

Superintendent which, together with the 
contract, should be presented to the President of the 
Board and the contract approved by him. It is impor- 
tant that this be done. It often occurs that a Teacher 
loses pay on account of some irregularity which a little 
care would easily prevent. The Teacher must keep a 
register of the pupils, showing the names, ages, and 
their daily attendance. A certified report must be made 
to the Secretary of the Board before the order for the 
Teacher's wages can be drawn. 

General Provisions. 

226. One Township Trustee is elected at the general 
Election and election in each year. He serves for the 

Term of onice. term of three years. In even-numbered 
years, each township elects a Clerk, two* Justices of the 
Peace, Assessor, two Constables, and a Road Super- 
visor for each road district, each of whom serves for the 
term of two years. The election of Sub-Directors occurs 
on the first Monday in March of each year ; that of Di- 
rectors of independent districts, on the second Monday. 
Sub-Directors serve one year, while in independent dis- 
tricts the Directors serve three years. 

227. The Bonds of the Clerk, Assessor, Constables, 

* Additional Constables and Justices of the Peace may be elected 
in each township if the Trustees so direct. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. 123 

and Justices of the Peace are fixed by the Board of 
Supervisors but those of the Constables 
and Justices cannot be for a less sum than 

five hundred dollars. The Secretary and Treasurer of 

the School Board must give such bonds as the Board of 

Directors requires. 

JUDICIAL. 

Justices of the Peace. 

228. There are two Justices in each township. In 

civil suits, the jurisdiction extends to any 
part of the county except when specially 
restricted. In criminal causes, the Justice has jurisdiction 
of all cases less than felony committed within the county, 
in which the maximum punishment does not exceed a fine 
of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty daj r s. 
When an offense has been committed which is beyond 
the jurisdiction of the Justice, and the offender is 
brought before him on arrest, it is the duty of the Jus- 
tice to make a preliminary examination of the offense. 
If the facts and evidence are such as to warrant it, 
he must bind the offender over to the District Court, 
in such bail as the statutes direct and his judgment 
suggests. 

229. If a jury is demanded in any trial which the 
Duties and Justice has the power to dispose of, he 

powers. must grant it. A Justice of the Peace 

may perform the marriage ceremony ; send a boy or 
girl convicted of crime to the Judge to be ordered to 
the Reform School ; and under certain conditions, he 
may send a child to the Home of the Friendless. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Name four duties of the Sub-Director. 



124 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

2. What is perhaps the most important of all his 
duties ? 

3. State what is said about the contract. 

4. What duties .must he perform under the rules 
and restrictions of the Board? 

5. To what may the Board limit him? 

6. Make a clear and full statement of the duties of 
the Teacher. 

7. When are township officers elected? 

8. For what length of time does each one serve ? 

9. When are Sub-Directors and Directors elected ? 

10. For what length of term do they serve ? 

11. What township and school officers give bonds 
and for what amount? 

12. How many Justices are there in each township ? 

13. What is the jurisdiction of the Justice in civil 
suits ? Criminal ? Preliminary informations ? 

14. When does the Justice grant a jury trial 

15. What powers has the Justice ? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 125 



DTYISIO N FOUR. 



LESSON XXVI. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 

The Outline. 
IV. City or Town.— 

A. Legislative: 1. City or Town Council 

B. Executive: 1. Mayor. 

2. Assessor. 

3. Marshal. 

4. Treasurer. 

5. Clerk or Recorder. 

6. Other Officers. 

C. Judicial: 1. Mayor's Court. 

2. Police Court. 

3. Superior Court. 

Cities and Towns. 

230. People collect in cities and towns, and for the 
Need of stronger densely populated districts thus formed, 
Government. ^e township government is not sufficient. 

To insure ordinary safety a police force must be em- 
ployed, and the streets lighted ; in many cities, water 
works and fire departments are maintained at great 
expense ; side-walks are built, and great precaution is 
taken for the health of the citizens. In the larger cities, 
street railway lines are established and must be regu- 
lated ; in some, ferry lines must be controlled ; drunk- 
enness must be suppressed as far as possible ; while 



126 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

vice and crime require constant attention. In almost 
every respect, a stronger government is required in 
cities and towns than in the township. 

231. In order to meet these increased demands, such 
special and Ex- cities and towns, after they are incorpora- 

tensive Powers. te( j^ are ves t e( j w jth special and extensive 

powers. The articles of incorporation in this State are 
issued under a general law by the General Assembly, 
and are equivalent to a city charter. They are deposited 
with the Secretary of State. 

232. A city of the first class is one whose population 

is fifteen thousand or more ; a city of the 
second class exceeds two thousand, but not 
fifteen ; an incorporated town is one whose population is 
less than two thousand. Towns and villages not incor- 
porated do not have any special powers, but are gov- 
erned as a part of the township. 

233. In the analysis of the government of cities and 
classification of towns the former classification of powers 

powers. j g con tinued, viz. : A. Legislative , B. 

Executive ; C. Judicial. 

LEGISLATIVE. 
City or Town Council. 

234. This department is composed of a Town or 
City Council, which consists of six persons 
in incorporated towns ; of two from each 

ward, in cities of the second class; of two from each 
ward, with two at large, in cities of the first class. 

235. The Councilmen have many powers. It takes a 

majority of their number to constitute a 

Powers 

quorum. They determine the rules for 
their own proceedings ; are judges of the qualification 



Number. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 127 

and election of their own members ; may compel the 
attendance of absent members ; elect a temporary chair- 
man ; and appoint a City Clerk, who has charge of all 
the laws and ordinances and keeps a journal of the 
Council's proceedings. 

236. The Council must procure a seal for the city ; 
General control of may organize fire companies; establish a 

the city or Town. c ^y wa tch, or police ; must have the care 
of all public squares or commons ; control and keep 
in repair all streets, alleys, and bridges within the 
city ; may construct and regulate wharves, docks, piers, 
and fix the rate of fares ; and has the exclusive right 
to establish and license any ferry within the city. It is 
the Board of Equalization of taxes for the city ; it may 
establish a Board of Health, an Infirmary for the poor, 
a House of Refuge and Correction, and a Work House. 
The Council manages and controls the finances and 
property of the city ; determines when and where to 
hold its meetings ; calls special meetings ; and pos- 
sesses all the Legislative powers granted a city or 
incorporated town. 

General Provisions. 

237. In cities of the first class, the Mayor holds his 
Term of office, office two years ; in those of the second 

etc class, and in incorporated towns, one year. 

In any case he must be a resident of the town or city, 
keep his office at some convenient place, and have 
charge of the corporate seal. Every Councilman, 
whether in town or city, serves for the term of two 
years, and must reside within the limits of the corpor- 
ation. 



128 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

238. The compensation of officers arises from fees for 
work done, or else is determined by the 

Compensation. ^ ** 

Council. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Fix firmly in mind the outline on page 125. 

2. Why is there need of stronger government in 
cities and towns ? 

3. How are these increased demands met ? 

4. State all you can about the articles of incorpora- 
tion of cities or towns. 

5. Make a clear statement of the classification of 
cities and towns. 

6. How are towns and villages, not incorporated, gov- 
erned ? 

7. What is the classification of powers 'I 

8. Of what does the City or Town Council consist ? 

9. What powers have the Councilmen ? 

10. State fully what is said of their control of the city 
or town. 

11. How long does the Mayor hold his office ? 

12. Where must he reside, and where does he keep 
his office ? 

13. How long does a Councilman serve ? 

14. What is said about the compensation of city 
officials ? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 129 



LESSON XXVII. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS — 
CONTINUED. 

EXECUTIVE. 

1. Mayor; 2. Assessor; 3. Marshal; 4. Treasurer; 5. Clerk or 
Recorder; 6. Other Officers. 

Mayor. 

239. The Mayor presides at the meetings of the 

Council; has charge of the corporate seal; 

signs all commissions, licenses, permits, 
and acts of the Council which require his signature. He 
is the chief executive officer of the city, and as such, it is 
his duty to see that all ordinances and regulations of the 
Council are enforced. It is his duty to suppress dis- 
order and riots, and to perform such duties as the Coun- 
cil may require of him. 

240. Should the office of Mayor at any time become 

vacant, the Council must call a special elec- 

Vbcuqcv. 

tion, and appoint some one to fill the va- 
cancy till the election occurs. 

Assessor. 

241. The duties of this officer are the same as those 

of the township Assessor. In cities con- 

Duties stc. 

taining ten thousand inhabitants or more, 
the people have the right to elect one, two, or three 
Assessors, as the needs of the city demand. 
9 



130 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



Marshal. 

242. In incorporated towns and cities of the second 
how chosen. class, the Marshal is appointed by the 

DutIe8 - Council. In cities of the first class, he is 

chosen by the electors. He executes any process of the 
Mayor ; arrests persons accused of crime ; has the same 
powers as a Constable; and is the principal ministerial offi- 
cer of the city or town. In cities, whether of the first or 
second class, the duties of the Marshal are about the same, 
and are greater than in incorporated towns. He attends 
the sittings of the Mayor's Court ; suppresses riots, dis- 
turbances, and breaches of the peace; arrests disorderly 
persons, also those fleeing from justice and brings them 
before the Mayor or other officer for trial. 

Treasurer. 

243. It is the duty of the Treasurer to receive and 

safely keep all funds belonging to the 

Duties. •£ a 4-1 

town or city, and pay out money only on 
order from the proper authorities. He must give a 
bond in such sum as the Council may require. 

Clerk or Recorder. 

244. The Clerk or Recorder has the custody of all 

public records, documents, ordinances, 
resolutions, and orders of the Council, 
and it is his duty to keep a correct journal of all its pro- 
ceedings. He is provided with a seal, which is affixed 
to all transcripts, orders, or certificates authenticated 
under the laws of the State, or the ordinances of the 
city. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 131 

Other Officers. 

245. In cities of either class, the people elect a 
Elected by the Solicitor, who must prosecute or defend 
People - in all suits to which the city is a party. In 

cities of the first class, they elect a Civil Engineer. 
Police Judge. Street Commissioner, and a Superintend- 
ent of Markets, who perform such duties as the laws or 
the city ordinances direct. 

'24:6. Besides those that have been mentioned, pro- 
Appomtedby vision has been made for the selection and 
the council. appointment of many other officers, such 

as the Council deems necessary for the good govern- 
ment of the town or city. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

1. Mayor's Court; 2. Police Court; 3. Superior Court. 

Mayor's Court. 

24:7. As a Judicial officer, the Mayor is a magistrate 
General Duties an d conservator of the peace, and has the 
and powers. same jurisdiction as a Justice in any civil 

or criminal matter arising under the laws of the State, 
or the ordinances of the city. If no Police Judge has 
been elected, the Mayor must exercise all the powers of 
such Judge. He may solemnize marriages, arrest per- 
sons fleeing from justice, may consent to the adoption of 
a child, and may surrender a boy or girl to the Home 
of the Friendless. He supervises the conduct of the 
city officials, examines into reasonable complaints, and 
causes violations and neglect of duty to be corrected or 
reported for punishment 



132 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Police Court. 
2Jr8. Each Police Judge has the same powers in all 
jurisdiction. criminal cases as does a Justice of the 

Compensation.' p^^ Thig j g a Q QUvt Q f ReCQrd? an( J 

must be provided with a seal by the City or Town Coun- 
cil. The compensation of the Police Judge may be a 
salary fixed by the Council ; and in all criminal proceed- 
ings in behalf of the State, he receives the same fees as 
a Justice of the Peace ; if he act for the city, he 
receives such compensation .as may be fixed or allowed 
by the Council. 

Superior Court. 

249. In cities containing five thousand inhabitants, 

Establishment, the question of the establishment of a Supe- 

jurisdiction. r j or c our t ma y \y e submitted to an election 

of the people by the City Council. In making this sub- 
mission, care must be taken to fulfill the requirements 
of the law. If two-thirds of all the votes cast are in 
favor of the establishment of such Court, it is then estab- 
lished, and takes the place of the Police Court. This 
Superior Court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Dis- 
trict Court, except wherein the latter has exclusive juris- 
diction. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Name the officers of the Executive department. 

2. State fully the duties of Mayor. 

8. How is a vacancy in the Mayor's office filled? 

4. What are the duties of the Assessor ? 

5. How is the Marshal chosen and what are his 
duties ? 

6. What are the duties of the Treasurer ? What of 
his bond? 



SYSTEM OF SURVEYS. 133 

7. What other officers are elected and what are their 
duties ? 

8. What of the power of the Council to appoint other 
officers ? 

9. Name the Courts belonging to the Judicial depart- 
ment. 

10. As a Judicial officer, what are the duties and 
powers of the Mayor ? 

11. What is the jurisdiction, and what is the compen- 
sation of a Police Judge ? 

12. State what is said about the establishment of Supe- 
rior Courts ? 

13. What is the jurisdiction of the Superior Court i 



LESSON XXVIII. 

SYSTEM OF SURVEYS. 

250. Since some of the Southern and all of the 
Western states are laid out according to the United States 
surveys, the main features of the system are here given. 
It is important, simple, and practical. 

251. There are many principal meridians with their 
principal Meridi- ^ ase 1mm*> some are named, others num- 

ans; Base Lines. bere( j # Each Qne em b raC eS the Same 

principles as are found in the Fifth, the one from which 
lands in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri are surveyed. 
This meridian, commencing at the mouth of the Ar- 
kansas River, extends north and south; its base line, 



134 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

beginning at the mouth of the St. Francis River, runs 
west. 

252. Where the base line and the meridian cross is 
Ranges and the starting point. Beginning with the 

Townships. base line, the first row of townships on 

either side of the principal meridian extending north 
or south, forms range I ; that on the east, number 
I east ; that on the west, number I west : the second 
row, range II; and so on as far as that principal meridian 
extends. The townships in the first row on either side 
of the base line extending east or west from the Fifth 
principal meridian, form number 1; those on the north, 
number 1 north ; those on the south, number 1 south ; 
the second, number 2 ; and so on as far north or south 
as the survey extends. 

253. Each township is six miles square. Thus town- 
Description shi P 6 n °rth, range V west, (Figure one,) 

of Township. j s thirty miles north of the base line, and 

twenty-four miles west of the principal meridian; and 
the description is given thus: Township 6 N., Range 5 W. 
of Fifth P.M. The description always shows whether it 
is township north or south, range east or west of the 
principal meridian. 

254. From the fact that the meridians come near- 
correction er an d nearer together as we go north, the 

Lines townships are not perfect squares. The 

southern line is longer than the northern. This differ, 
ence increases as we go north (Figure 1). In Iowa, it 
is about a half rod to the mile. This necessitates correc- 
tion lines upon which township corners are placed, six 
miles apart, as upon the base line. Beginning with the 
base line, the correction lines are twenty-four miles apart 
on the north, and thirty on the south. 



SYSTEM OF SURVEYS. 135 

255. Each township contains thirty-six sections, 
Numbering section one being always in the north-east 

sections. corner. From this they are numbered 

west six sections, thence east six sections, thence west 
again, and so on till all are numbered. (Figure 2.) 

256. Each section (except those that are fractional) 
Division of contains six hundred and forty acres and is 

sections. - g (Jiyjded i n to quarters : north-east, north- 

west, south-east, south-west ; or N.E., N.W., S.E., S.W. 
(Figure 3.) Each of these contains one hundred and 
sixty acres. Again these quarters are divided and each 
part contains eighty acres. The dividing line extends 
north and south, and the divisions are known as the east 
£, and west ^. (Figure 4.) Each quarter section maybe 
cut into quarters or forties ; and the divisions are des- 
cribed as the N.E. i, N.W. £, S.E. ±, and S.W. J of 
the quarter section. (Figure 4.) Thus we see with what 
regularity and certainty the divisions are made. 
Suppose we have the part of section 1, in township 6 
north, range V west, which is marked thus*. It is 
in the south-west £ of the section ; by another division 
we find it is the south-west £ of the quarter section; 
and we have the following description ; S.W. J of S.W. 
i of section 1, Township 6 N., Range 5 W. of Fifth 
P.M., containing forty acres. (Figure 4). 



136 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



FiO.1 N 



W. 

















1- 










T.6N. 




















R.V.W. 










eo 










* 






























ia 










Corre 


tion 






Line 
















§ 






•«# 


















pi 

eg 

•fH 


CO 








t 












(N 
















■ 




*H 










Base 






Line 










• 


VI 


V 


IV 


in 


II 


I 
3 




















Pi 

I 




















P. 









Fiff.3 



Fig.Z 



6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 


13 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


21 


30 


20 


28 


27 


20 


25 


31 


32 


33 


31 


35 


36 



100 


N.E.J* 
160 


S.W.K 
160 


SJE.H 

160 



Fig.* 



W.Ji 

80 


E.M is 
80 


N.Ho 

.W.tf ai 
ot'N 


N.E.fc 

d N.EJi 
E.H 


S.fcoi 

>.W.Ji a 
of? 


id S.E.M 
.E.« 


■J 


fe 


N.W.H 


N.E.K 


40 


D » 


s.w.k 


S.E.H 



SYSTEM OF SURVEYS. 137 

257. However, in business, the divisions into eighties 
Different Division an d forties is sometimes different from the 
and Description. Umt e d States surveys. In this the eight- 
ies lie north and south, being twice as long as broad. 
But as often occurs, a man owns two forties on the north 
or south as shown in Figure 4. The description in such 
cases is usually given as follows : N. \ of N.E. J, or S. 
\ of N.E. J. It may, however, be stated strictly in 
accordance with the United States surveys : N.W. \ 
and N.E. \ of N.E. J; or, if it be the south forties, the 
S.W. iandS.E. £ of N.E. ±. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What states are laid out according to the United 
States Survey? 

2. What is said about principal meridians and base 
lines ? 

3. Where does the Fifth principal meridian begin 

4. Where does its base line begin ? 

5. Where is the starting point ? 

6. State clearly what townships forms range I. Range 
II. Range III. " 

7. What is township 1 ? Township 2 ? Township 
3 ? etc. 

8. What is the extent of each township ? 

9. Describe the townships in Figure 1, marked thus : 
* + § 

10. What does the description always show ? 

11. Explain fully what is said about section lines. 

12. What is the plan of numbering the townships ? 

13. How may each section be divided ? 

14. What section is set apart for school purposes ( 



138 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

15. What is the description of each section ? 

16. What further divisions may be made, and what is 
the description ? 

17. Give the description of the tract marked thus* 
in Figure 4. 

18. Explain fully how the divisions sometimes differ 
from the United States surveys "? 

19. Give the description in such cases. 

20. What is the description of the same tracts accord- 
ing to the United States survey ? 






STATE INSTITUTIONS. 139 



DIVISION FIVE. 



LESSON XXIX. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

258. Among the states in the Union which have been 
iowa provides in- mos t liberal in establishing institutions for 

stitutions. learning, and in providing for the unfor- 

tunate classes within their borders, Iowa stands well to 
the front. Perhaps no State surpasses her in a wisely 
generous support of such institutions. 

The interests of education are fostered by ample 
appropriations for the State University, the Agricultural 
College, and the Normal School. The blind, deaf, and 
dumb, and the orphans of the Union soldier, are all pro- 
vided for with a generous hand. The unfortunates are 
gently cared for, and find pleasant homes at the Insane 
Asylum and the Institution for the Feeble-Minded. 
Institutions for reformation and restraint are maintained 
and guarded with solicitous care by the State. 

State University. 

Iowa City, Johnson County. 

259. By an act of the Federal Congress, 1840, the 
Grant Made by the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to 

Federal congress. ge j. a p ar t an( j reserve for sale a large quan- 
tity of land for the support of a University when the 
Territory should become a State, 



140 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

260. The first General Assembly of the State, in 
Establishment of 1811, established the University at Iowa 

the university. City u with such other branches as public 

convenience may hereafter require." In 1849, two 
branches of the University were established, one at Fair- 
field, the other at Dubuque. Both of these were on 
equal footing with the one at Iowa City. Provision was. 
also made for three Normal Schools : one at Andrew, 
another at Oskaloosa, and the third at Mt. Pleasant. 
The first two were organized, the last one was not. 

261. The University struggled through hardship 

after hardship until 1858, when it was 
closed till its income would meet current 
expenses. It was opened again, in September, 1860, 
under the supervision of a new faculty. The first 
class of graduates was in 1863. The Law Department 
was opened at the beginning of the year 1868, the Medi- 
cal Department a year later, and the Military in 1874. 

262. The Board of the Kegents of the University con- 

sists of the Governor of the State, the 
President of the University, the Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, and one member from 
each of the eleven congressional districts of the State. 
The first three are members by virtue of the official posi- 
tions which they hold ; the others are elected at a joint 
session of the two Houses of the General Assembly. 
This Board is empowered to grant diplomas and confer 
degrees ; besides this, they have the general manage- 
ment of the institution. 

263. The object of the University is to supply the 

people of the State with the best means of 

obtaining a thorough, liberal education in 

all the departments of art, science, and literature, with 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 141 

their applications. A close connection is sought with 
the public schools, since the University relies largely 
upon them for its supply of students. The governing 
power of the institution is vested in the President and 
the Faculties of the different departments. 

264. There are five departments : 1. The College, 

which embraces four courses: Classical, 
Philosophical, Scientific, and Engineering ; 
2. The Law, which requires two years for its com- 
pletion ; 3. The Medical ; 4. The Homeopathic Medical ; 
5. The Dental. 

Agricultural College and Farm. 

Ames, Story County. 

265. This was established by a Legislative act in 

1858. In 1862, the Federal Government 

Establishment. . ~ . 

made a grant to the btate ot two hundred 
and forty thousand acres of land for the support of 
an Agricultural College and Farm. In 1864, the State 
made an appropriation for the erection of suitable build- 
ings, which were completed in 1868. The Farm consists 
of about eis;ht hundred acres of fine farming: land. 

266. Each county has the right to send three pupils 
Attendance and to attend the College. If there is then 

Tuition capacity for others, the Trustees admit 

them from the different counties of the State in pro- 
portion to their population. Many counties do not send 
as many as three and, so, others are permitted to send 
more than their proportion. Tuition is free to all resi- 
dents of the State over sixteen years of age. The inte- 
rest of the fund arising from the sale of land furnishes 
the college with abundant means of support. 

267. The object of this institution is to give higher 



142 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

education to the industrial classes. There are four 
schools : Agriculture, Engineering, Veterinary Science, 
object. all( l Domestic Economy. It requires four 

schools. years to complete the courses of the first 

two schools, and two years for the others. Besides 
these schools, there is much work required in the follow- 
ing lines of study : Literature and Language, Mathe- 
mathics and Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy, 
and Military Science. 

State Normal School. 

Cedar Falls, Blackhawk County. 

268. In 1876, the General Assembly established the 

State Normal School, and required the 
Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home 
at Cedar Falls to put the property in their charge into 
the care of the Trustees of the new institution. The 
new Board organized in the June following, and made 
as rapid preparations as possible by refitting the build- 
ings and grounds and procuring teachers. On the 6th 
of September, the first term was opened. 

269. The School is managed by a Board of six Trus- 

tees, two of whom are elected at each 
regular meeting of the General Assembly, 
the two Houses being in joint session. It is the duty of 
the Trustees to carry out the object for which the School 
was established. They employ the instructors, have the 
care and expenditure of the funds of the institution, 
make regulations for the government of the School, 
establish rules for the admission of pupils, direct changes 
and improvements in the buildings and grounds, and 
make a detailed report each year to the Superintendent 
of Public Instruction. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 143 

270. The special object of the Normal School is to 

supply the young men and young women 

Special Object. /A/ G4 . 4. -Jf e 4 u U - 

ot the State with a course of thorough in- 
struction and ample training that will prepare them for 
efficient work as teachers in the common schools. Doubt- 
less it will thus become more and more a beneficial factor 
in the great educational interests of the State. There is 
no more stable foundation for a great commonwealth 
than the proper education of the youth. The common 
schools are the greatest factor in this education, and the 
State does wisely in adopting careful and proper meas- 
ures for bettering and upholding them. 

271. The instruction and training in this school em- 

brace two courses of study: Scientific, and 

Courses of Study. T .. ., .. r . . 

Didactic. It requires lour years to com- 
plete the former course, and three years the latter. 
Great care has been exercised in the preparation of these 
courses. To make such arrangement of the branches, to 
make their completion so thorough and so broad, to 
make the preparation such that it will best fit the teacher 
for the duties of the various grades of school work is 
one of the immediate objects of the institution. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said of the provision Iowa has made for 
State institutions ? 

2. What grant was made to the State University by 
the Federal Congress ? 

3. What about the establishment of the University ? 

4. What is said of its reorganization ? 

5. What persons make up the Board of Regents ? 

6. What powers has this Board ? 

7. What is the object of the University ? 



144 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

8. Who has the governing power? 

9. How many, and what are the departments? 

10. When was the Agricultural College and Farm 
established I 

11. What grant of land did the Federal Government 
make ? 

12. What about attendance and tuition at this Col- 
lege? 

13. What is the object of this institution ? 

14. How many Schools are there ? What are they? 

15. State all you can about the establishment of the 
Normal School. 

16. By whom is the Board of Trustees elected ? 

17. What are the duties of the Board ? 

18. What is the object of the Normal School ? 

19. What of the courses of study ? 



LESSON XXX. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS— CONTINUED. 

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 

Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. 

272. This institution was first established at Iowa 
Establishment and City, in 1855. It was afterward removed 
object. to | ts p resen t location and, in 1870, a part 

of the building was completed and occupied. The 
report sent to the Governor each year by the Super- 
intendent shows that the number of deaf mutes increases 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 145 

with the growth of the State. The object of this school 
is the training and education of all the deaf and dumb 
children of the State. The older pupils are instructed 
in such trades as are there taught. In the workshops, 
on the farm, and in various other ways, they receive 
a veiy practical training. 

273. The general supervision of the Institution is 

under the control of a Board of Trustees 

Board of Trustees. . . 

which provides teachers and performs 
whatever is necessary to render the Institution efficient, 
and to carry out the purposes of its establishment. This 
Board consists of three persons, one being elected by the 
General Assembly at each regular session. 

College for the Blind. 

Yixtox, Bentox County. 

274. In 1852, Mr. Samuel Bacon, a blind gentleman, 
Establishment and established at Keokuk the first institution 

ControL in Iowa for the instruction of this class of 

persons. A year later, by an act of the Legislative 
bodies, this institution was adopted by the State, re- 
moved to Iowa City, and, in April, was opened for the 
reception of the blind. In 1862, a building being almost 
completed at Vinton for this institution, it was removed 
thither, and in October the College was opened with 
twenty- four pupils. The Institution is under the control 
of a Board of six Trustees elected by the General Assem- 
bly. This Board provides teachers, servants, and all 
things necessary to carry out the object of the Insti- 
tution. 

275. All blind persons, residents of the State, of suit- 

able age and capacity, are entitled to an 
education at this institution, at the ex- 
10 



146 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

pense of the State. Persons not residents of the State 
may receive all the benefits arising from this school by the 
payment of such sum of money as the Legislative bodies 
direct, provided the admission of such person does not 
exclude residents of our own State. There is also a 
school of industry in connection with the College, where 
pupils may learn different trades and occupations. 

Soldiers' Orphans' Home. 

Davenport, Scott County. 

276. To Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, a patriotic lady, 

belongs the honor of starting the move- 

Establishment. . . 

ment which resulted in the founding of 
this most beneficent institution. At her invitation a 
large number of persons from all parts of the State met 
in convention at Muscatine, October 7th, 1863. The 
object of the meeting was to devise measures for the 
support and education of the orphans of the soldiers of 
Iowa who had gone forth at their country's call to main- 
tain the Nation's unity. An organization was effected 
and officers chosen. At a meeting in March, 1861, the 
Trustees took steps to secure a suitable building, dona- 
tions, and other things necessary for opening up the 
Home. The work was pushed with so much vigor that 
on the 13th of July a committee of the Trustees an- 
nounced that the institution was ready for the admission 
of children. In six months from the opening sev- 
enty children had been admitted, and many others had 
made application for admission. 

277. The Home was supported by contributions from 

the people up to 1866, when the State 
took charge of it and made arrangements 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 147 

for Homes in different counties. One was located at 
Cedar Falls, another at Glenwood, and the third at 
Davenport. In a few years, the one at Cedar Falls 
turned over everything under its control to the Trustees 
of the State Normal School, while the buildings and 
grounds of the one at Glenwood were appropriated for 
the use of the Institution for the Feeble-Minded In 
1876, by an act passed by the General Assembly, all the 
orphans at these two places were removed to the Home 
at Davenport. 

278. Besides caring for and educating soldiers' or- 
objectandMan- phans, the Board of Trustees may now 

agement. receive into the care and privileges of the 

Home such destitute children as, in their judgment, 
should be admitted. The Board consists of three per- 
sons, appointed by the General Assembly. They have 
the government and management of the Home. They 
enact such laws and rules for its regulation as they deem 
proper. Perhaps in no institution in the State has the 
work of women shown to better advantage, or secured 
more lasting good. Throughout the history of the 
Home, they have taken an active and honorable part, 
and won laurels not surpassed by the soldier on the field 
of battle. 

Hospitals for the Insane. 

Mt. Pleasant, Henry County ; Independence, Buchanan 
County, Clarinda, Page County; 

279. In 1855, an act was passed by the Legislature 

establishing a Hospital for the Insane, and 

Mt. Pleasant. . . ° i -, . -» r ™ 

commissioners located it at Mt. rleasant. 
It was not formally opened till March, 1861. In three 
months, one hundred patients were admitted. 



148 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

280. In 1868, the General Assembly passed a bill 

providing for another Hospital. A site 

Independence. tit i 

near Independence was chosen, and soon 
the erection of the building was commenced. In April, 
1873, it was ready for occupancy, and in four years the 
inmates numbered three hundred and twenty-two. 

281. In 1884, the Twentieth General Assembly 

enacted a bill providing for a third Hos- 

Clarinda. . _ i . i i . i 

pital, which has since been located by the 
commissioners at Clarinda. The same Legislature made 
an appropriation of $150,000 to meet the expense incur- 
red in building the Hospital. 

282. These Hospitals are under the management of 
Government and different Boards of Trustees. Each Board 

0bject - consists of five members, elected at a joint 

session of the General Assembly. They have the general 
control and management of the Hospitals, make all 
by-laws for their government, appoint Medical Superin- 
tendents, stewards, and matrons, and inspect the Hos- 
pitals four times a year. The object of these institutions 
is to provide places for safely keeping those who are 
insane, and are fit subjects for custody and treatment in 
such hospitals. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. State what is said about the establishment of the 
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 

2. What are the duties of the Trustees, and how are 
they elected ? 

3. Give the history of the establishment of the Col- 
lege for the Blind. 

4. What is the object of this College? 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 149 

5. What about the establishment of the Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home ? 

6. How was this Home at first supported? How 
now? 

7. State all you can about the location of the Home 
at first. 

8. What is the object of this Institution ? 

9. How is it managed and controlled ? 

10. What of the connection of women with the Home ? 

11. What is said of the establishment and location of 
the Hospitals for the Insane? 

12 How are the Hospitals governed, and what is the 
object of their establishment? 



LESSON XXXI. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS— CONTINUED. 

Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. 

Glenwood, Mills County. 

283. In 1876, a bill passed the General Assembly 
providing for the establishment of an 
Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. The 
buildings and grounds of the Orphans' Home at Glen- 
wood were placed in charge of the Trustees of the new 
institution. As soon as practicable, the Trustees put the 
building in condition for receiving occupants, appointed 
a Superintendent, and in September of the same year, 
had the institution in readiness for the admission of chil- 



150 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

dren. It opened with five pupils. In a little more than 
a year this number increased to eighty-seven. 

284. The purposes of this institution are to train, 
object and Man- instruct, support, and care for feeble- 

agement. minded children, admitting those between 

the ages of seven and eighteen. The Asylum is man- 
aged by a Board of Trustees, consisting of three per- 
sons elected by the General Assembly. This Board 
appoints a Superintendent, who, under their direction, 
manages the finances, and superintends the training and 
instruction of the inmates. 

Reform School. 

Eldora, Hardin County. 

285. This School was organized in 1868, at Salem, 

Henry County. The building and grounds 

Establishment. _ . . , „_. ., , ¥ ° *? _ _ 

belonging to White's Iowa Manual Labor 
Institute at this place, were temporarily leased by the 
Trustees of the Reform School. In 1872, the Trustees 
made a permanent location at Eldora, appropriations 
for building purposes were made by the General Assem- 
bly, and thither the School was soon moved. Since 
that change, a department of the School for girls has 
been established at Mitchelville, Polk County. 

286. Both departments of the School are under the 
Management and management and control of the same 
control. Board of Trustees, consisting of five per- 

sons elected at a joint session of the General Assembly. 
These Trustees appoint such officers for the institution 
as their judgment directs, make all rules and by-laws 
for its regulation, see that its affairs are properly con- 
ducted, and that strict discipline is maintained. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 151 

287. The object of this School is the reformation of 
boys and girls between the ages of seven 
and sixteen years. When such persons 
have been convicted of crimes, or of being disorderly, 
they may be sent here, where they will be instructed in 
piety and morality, and in the branches of useful knowl- 
edge best adapted to their capacity and age. They are 
also trained in mechanical, manufacturing, or agricultural 
pursuits. It is the especial duty of the Superintendent 
and the other officers to discipline, govern, and instruct 
the children, using their best endeavors to reform them, 
and assist them in forming moral and industrious habits. 



Penitentiaries. 

Fort Madison, Lee County ; Anamosa, Jones County. 

288. The first Penitentiary of Iowa was established at 
Establishment Fort Madison, by the Territorial Legisla- 

and object. ture in 1839 xhe citizens of this city 

executed a deed for a tract of ten acres, upon which the 
buildings are located. The main buildings were com- 
pleted in 1841, and when finished according to the plan 
of the Directors had room sufficient for the imprison- 
ment of one hundred and thirty-eight inmates. 

289. There is another Penitentiary at Anamosa, 

which was opened for the admission of 

Anamosa 

convicts in 1873. This is located on a tract 
of fifteen acres, within the limits of the city. Its object, 
government and control, are the same as at Fort Madi- 
son. The object in maintaining these institutions, is to 
provide a place for the safe keeping of convicts sen- 
tenced for any period of time. 

290. There are two Wardens, one in each Peniten- 



152 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

tiary, who have full control, subject to the Governor, 
who may remove them for negligence of 
duty or malfeasance in office. Each one is 
elected at a joint session of the General Assembly, and 
holds his office two years. He is the general financial 
and superintending agent of the institution, and is re- 
sponsible for its government, regulations, and for the 
disbursement of all money in relation to the prison. It 
is his duty to see that the laws and disciplinary rules and 
regulations of the institution are faithfully executed by 
the under officers, and obeyed by the convicts. 

291. The Warden at each Penitentiary appoints the 
following officers to assist in the manage- 
ment of the prison : Clerk, Deputy War- 
den, Guards, Chaplain, Steward; and, with the concur- 
rence of the Governor, he selects a Physician. 

292. Upon receipt of a certificate from the Warden, 

showing that a prisoner at the expwa- 

Citizenship. Dim- .. ° , • i - j i 

inution of sen- tion oi his sentence, has violated no rule 
of the Penitentiary, the Governor must 
restore such person all the rights of citizenship lost 
by his conviction and sentence. The term of service of 
any prisoner may be shortened by such behavior. This 
reduction is one day for the first month, two days for 
the second, three days for the third, four days for the 
fourth, and five days for each month thereafter. The 
Warden must keep a record of the conduct of every pris- 
oner, and no one can receive this reduction unless his 
conduct merits a clean record. 

Bonds of the Treasurers of State Institutions. 

293. The bond of the Treasurer of the State University 
must be in the sum of not less than $50,000 ; that of the 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 153 

Treasurer of the Agricultural College for twice the 
highest amount of money likely to be in his hands at any 
one time, with such securities as the Executive Council 
may require. The bond of the Treasurer of the State Nor- 
mal School must be for a sum not less than 820,000, 
with proper and sufficient securities ; while that of the 
Treasurer of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is 
ofiven for such sum as the Board of Trustees may direct, 
being approved by the Executive Council. The Treas- 
urer of the College for the Blind must give a bond for a 
sum not less than 830,000, to be approved by the Exec- 
utive Council. The bond of the Treasurer of the Sol- 
diers' Orphans* Home must be for whatever sum the 
Board of Trustees requires; and that of the Treasurer 
of either department of the Hospital for the Insane 
for double the amount likely to be in his hands at any 
one time. The bond of the Treasurer of the Asylum for 
Feeble-Minded Children must be given for whatever sum 
the Board requires ; while that of either department of 
the Reform School must be in an amount sufficient to be 
approved by the Executive Council. The bond of either 
Warden of the Penitentiaries must be for the sum of 
850,000, and approved by the Governor of the State, 
with not less than five free-holders as securities. 

291. Each of these bonds, when given, is conditioned 
upon the faithful performance of all duties imposed, and 
the rendering of a true account of all money entrusted 
to such Treasurer. Most of the bonds must be filed with 
the Secretary of State for safe-keeping. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said about the establishment of the 
Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children ? 



154 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

2. What is the object of this institution, and how is 
it managed? 

3. State all you can about the establishment of the 
Reform School ? 

4. How is it managed and controlled? 

5. What is its object ? 

6. When was each Penitentiary established ? 

7. State fully what is said of their establishment and 
object? 

8. What about the Wardens ? Other officers? 

9. Why and by whom is citizenship restored to a 
prisoner? 

10. What is the reduction in the term of service for 
good behavior ? 

11. What is the bond of the Treasurer of each State 
institution ? 

12. Upon what is it conditioned? 



LESSON XXXII. 

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

Iowa's Governors. 

295. The following shows the order in which the 
Governors of Iowa served, the year in which each term 
began, the vote by the two dominating parties, and the 
number of years each Governor served : 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



156 



Term 
Began. 

Ansel Briggs 1846 . . 

Stephen Hemsted 1850 -. 

James W. Grimes 1854 -. 

Ralph P. Lowe 1858 .. 

Samuel J. Kirkwood. 1860f- 

Re-elected 1862 .. 

William M. Stone.... 1864 _. 

Re-elected 1866 .. 

Samuel Merrill 1868 .. 

Re-elected ._. 1870 .. 

Cyrus C. Carpenter... 1872 .. 

Re-elected 1874 . 

JSamuel J. Kirkwood 1876 . . 

John H. Gear 1878 .. 

Re-elected 1880 .. 

Buren R. Sherman... 1882 .. 
§Re-elected 1884 . 





Demo- 




Whig.* 


cratic.* 


Served. 


.. 7,379 . 


... 7,626 . 


four years. 


.. 11,403. 


... 13,486 . 


. . . four years. 


.. 23,025 . 


... 21,202 - 


. _ . four years. 


Republican. 






.. 30,141 _ 


... 27,992 . 


. . . two years. 


._ 56,506 . 


... 53,542 . 





.. 59,853 . 


... 43,245 - 


. . . four years. 


.. 86,122 . 


... 47,948 . 





_. 70,445 . 


... 54,070 . 


. . . four years. 


.. 90,200 . 


... 62,960 . 





.. 97,243 . 


... 57,257 . 


four years. 


.. 109,228 . 


... 68,199 . 





.. 105,132 . 


... 81,020 . 


. . . four years. 


_. 124,855 . 


... 93.279 . 


. . . two years. 


. . 121,546 . 


... 79.353 . 


... 


.. 157,571 . 


... 85,056 . 


four years. 


.. 133,326 . 


... 73,397 . 


— four years. 


.. 164,141 . 


.. 139,032 . 


— four years. 



Iowa's Representatives in the Congress of the 
United States. 

296. On the completion of the census of 1880, it be- 
came evident that Iowa was entitled to an increase in her 
Congressional delegation. The bill which finally passed 
both Houses of Congress increased the number of 
Representatives to eleven. Accordingly, the State was 
divided, by the General Assembly of 1882, into eleven 
Congressional districts as shown below. All the mem- 
bers of the present representation were elected Novem- 
ber 4th, 1884. They will enter upon their term of 



*The vote of the predominating parties only is given. Very 
often there are candidates of other parties in the field /but it would 
make the table uninteresting to attempt to give it all. 

f The new Constitution reduced the length of term to two years. 

X Samuel J. Kirkwood resigned his office March 3, 1877, and the 
term was finished by the Lieutenant Governor, Joshua G-. Newbold, 
of Mt. Pleasant. 

§The term of Buren R. Sherman will expire January 14, 1886, 



156 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

service March 4th, 1885,* and continue two years, or 
until March 3d, 1887. 

First District — B. J. Hall, Burlington. 

Counties — Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Lee, Lou- 
isa, Van Buren, and Washington. 

Second District — Jeremiah H. Murphy, Davenport 
(Re-elected). 

Counties — Cedar, Clinton, Jackson, Jones, Muscatine, 
and Scott. 

Third District — David B. Henderson, Dubuque (Re- 
elected). 

Counties — Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, 
Delaware, Dubuque, and Grundy. 

Fourth District— William F. Fuller, West Union. 

Counties — Allamakee, Clayton, Chickasaw, Fayette, 
Floyd, Howard, Mitchell, and Winneshiek. 

Fifth District — Benjamin F. Frederick, Marshalltown. 

Counties — Benton, Iowa, Johnson, Linn, Marshall, 
and Tama. 

Sixth District — James B. Weaver, f Bloomfield. 

Counties — Davis, Jasper, Keokuk, Mahaska, Mon- 
roe, Poweshiek, and Wapello. 

Seventh District — Long Term — Edwin H. Conger, 
Adel. Short Term — Hyram Y. Smith,* Des Moines. 



* John A. Kasson of Des Moines, was elected, in 1882, to repre- 
sent the Seventh District. He accepted the appointment of Minister 
to Germany, and for this reason resigned his seat in the House. 
Only a few months of his term remained, and Hiram Y. Smith was 
elected to fill this vacancy, which is called the "short term." He 
took his seat in the House of Representatives December 4th, 1884, 
that being the date on which Congress last convened. His term of 
office will expire on the 3d of March, 1885. 

f James B. Weaver received the certificate of election. His right 
to it will be contested by the Hon. Frank Campbell, of Newton, who 
claims to have received a majority of the legal votes cast. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 157 

Counties — Adair, Dallas, Guthrie, Madison, Marion, 
Polk, and Warren. 

Eighth District — William P. Hepburn, Clarinda 
(Re-elected). 

Counties — Adams, Appanoose, Clark, Decatur, Lucas, 
Page, Ringgold, Taylor, Union, and Wayne. 

Ninth District — Joseph Lyman, Council Bluffs. 

Counties — Audubon, Cass, Crawford, Fremont, Har- 
rison, Mills, Montgomery, Pottawattamie, and Shelby. 

Tenth District — Adoniram J. Holmes, Boone (Re- 
elected). 

Counties — Boone, Cerro Gordo, Franklin, Ham- 
ilton, Hancock, Hardin, Humboldt, Kossuth, Story, 
Webster, Winnebago, Wright, and Worth. 

Eleventh District — Isaac S. Struble, Le Mars (Re- 
elected). 

Counties — Buena Vista, Calhoun, Carroll, Cherokee, 
Clay, Dickenson, Emmet, Greene, Ida, Lyon, Monona, 
O'Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Plymouth, 
Sac, Sioux, and Woodbury. 

Judges of the Supreme Court. 

297. James H. Rothrock, Chief Justice, Cedar Rap- 
ids ; term expires December 31st, 1891. 

Joseph R. Reed, Council Bluffs, term expires Decem- 
ber 31. 1889. 

William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa ; term expires Decem- 
ber 31st, 1888. 

Austin Adams, Dubuque ; term expires December 
31st, 1887. 

Joseph M. Beck, Fort Madison ; term expires Decern- 
ber 31st, 1885. officers. 

Andrew J. Baker, Attorney General, Centerville ; 
term expires January, 1887. 



158 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Gilbert P. Pray, Clerk ; term expires January 2d, 
1887. 

Ezra C. Ebersole, Reporter ; term expires January 

2d, 1887. 



LESSON XXXIII. 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION— CONTINUED. 

Iowa's Senators. 

298. No United States Senators were elected till the 
second session of the General Assembly of the State. At 
that session Hon. A. C. Dodge was elected for the short 
term, and Hon. George W. Jones for the long term. 
Below, the names of all Iowa's Senators are given in the 
order of their succession. 

Residence. Began. Ended. 

A. C. Dodge, Burlington Dec. 7, 1848 

* James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant Jan. 6, 1855 May 15, 1865. 

S. J. Kirkwood, Iowa City Jan. 13, 1866 

James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant Men. 4, 1867 Mch. 3, 1873. 

Wm. B. Allison, Dubuque __.. Mch. 4, 1873 .... Mch. 3, 1879. 

Re-elected Mch. 4, 1879 . ... Mch. 3, 1885. 

Re-elected Mch. 4, 1885 .... Mch 3, 1891. 

George W. Jones, Dubuque Dec. 7, 1848 Mch. 3, 1859. 

Jas W. Grimes, Burlington Mch. 4, 1859 Mch. 3, 1865. 

Re-elected _ Mch. 4, 1865 .... Aug., 1859. 

James B. Howell, Keokuk .... Mch. 20, 1870 .... Mch. 3, 1871. 

Geo. C.Wright, Des Moines Mch. 4, 1871 .... Mch. 3, 1877. 

S. J. Kirkwood, Iowa City .... Mch. 4, 1877 .... Feb. 1, 1881. 

James W. McDill, Afton Mch. 8, 1881 .... Mch. 3, 1883. 

James F. Wilson, Fairfield Dec. 4, 1883 Mch. 3, 1889. 

299. Our Senators at the present time are Hon. Will- 
iam B. Allison, and Hon. James F. Wilson. Both were 

* James Harlan served as Secretary of the Interior under Presi- 
dent Lincoln part of the years 1865-6. Resigned September 6, 1866. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 159 

born in the State of Ohio, the former in 1829, the latter 
in 1828. Both studied law. and became successful 
practitioners. They have had an extended experience 
in public life, and represent our State ably and honora- 
bly. They are Legislators of great weight and decided 
influence at the Capital of the Federal Government. 

300. Mr. Allison was a member of Governor Kirk- 
wood's stall, and helped to organize troops to put down 
the late rebellion. He served in the National House of 
Representatives four terms ; the Thirty-eighth, Thirty- 
ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first. He has had almost 
twelve years* experience as a United States Senator, and 
on the 4th of March. 1885, he will enter upon his third 
term. 

301. Mr. Wilson was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1856. and served three terms in the Iowa 
Legislature, from 1857 to 1861. He filled the unexpired 
term of Hon. S. R. Curtis in the National House of Rep- 
resentatives, and was re-elected to the Thirty-eighth, 
Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses, serving in that 
capacity from December 2. 1861, to March 3, 1869. He 
was elected to the United States Senate to succeed 
James W. McDill. and took his seat December 1. 1883. 
His term of service will expire March 3. 1SS9. Mr. 
Wilson was a strong supporter of President Lincoln's 
administration, and one of the country's staunch est men 
during the critical period which followed Lincoln's assas- 
sination. He was one of the managers chosen by the 
House of Representatives to conduct the impeachment 
trial of Andrew Johnson. 

The Electoral College. 

302. Each State is entitled to as many Presidential 



160 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Electors as it has Senators and Representatives in Con- 
Number, how gress, and it chooses them in such manner 
convened.' as its Legislature directs. In this State, 

when the Executive Council completes the canvass of the 
votes, the Governor is informed of the result. He then 
issues a certificate of election under his hand and the 
seal of the State, and causes it to be served on each per- 
son elected, notifying him to attend at the seat of gov- 
ernment at noon of the Tuesday preceding the first 
Wednesday of December next after his election, and 
report himself to the Governor as being in attendance. 

303. This notice brings the Electors together at the 

time stated, and they report to the Gov- 

Fill Vacancy. . ' J L 

ernor in a body. In case any one of their 
number is absent, or if the number of Electors is defi- 
cient, those present proceed to elect some citizen of the 
State to fill the vacancy. They certify their choice to 
the Governor, and cause the one chosen to be notified at 
once. The Electoral College being full, the Electors 
meet at the capital at noon of the next day, and proceed 
to the election, in conformity with the Constitution of 
the United States. 

304. In doing this, the Electors vote by ballot; first, 

for President, and second, for Vice Pres- 
ident; one of whom shall not be a resident 
of the State with themselves. This is done to prevent 
the election of both these high officials from the same 
State. 

305. The Electors make distinct lists of all persons 

voted for as President or Vice President, 

and the number of votes cast for each one. 

The Electors sign and certify these lists, and having 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 161 

sealed them, transmit them to the seat of the Federal 
Government, directed to the President of the Senate. 
306. Ample precaution against fraud is taken by 
precaution making three lists; one of them is sent by 

Against Fraud. ma ii 7 another by messenger chosen by the 
Electors, to the President* of the Senate at Washington. 
The third list is filed with the Judge of the United 
States Court in the district where the Electors meet. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Name the Governors of Iowa. 

2. Who is Governor at the present time? 

3. How many Congressmen has Iowa? 

4. When were they elected, and when do their terms 
expire ? 

5. Name the Congressman from your district. State 
all you can about him. 

6. What counties compose the district m which you 
live? 

* When the votes of all the states are likewise in the possession 
of the President of the Senate, nothing then remains to be done but 
for the two Houses of the National Congress to canvass the votes, as 
directed by the Constitution. To do this, they meet in joint session 
in the House of Representatives, at one o'clock p.m. of the second 
Wednesday in February following the election. The President of 
the Senate presides, and, in the presence of the members assembled, 
opens the sealed lists and hands them to the tellers, who count them. 
There are usually four tellers; two appointed by the Senate, and two 
by the House. The persons receiving a majority of the votes of the 
Electoral College, are declared elected President and Vice President 
of the United States. 

If no one receives a majority, the House of Representatives pro- 
ceeds to elect a President from the three persons who received the 
highest number of votes. The choice is made by ballot. The vote 
is taken by states, each State having but one vote. A majority of 
all the states is necessary to a choice. 

At the same time, the Senate proceeds to choose a Vice Presi- 
dent from the two having the highest number of votes for the office. 
A majority of the whole number of Senators is necessary to a choice. 
11 



162 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

7. Name the Judges of the Supreme Court. 

8. Name the Senators from Iowa. 

9. State all you can of the history of Mr. Allison. 
Of Mr. Wilson. 

10. To how many Electors is Iowa entitled ? 

11. By whom are the Electors chosen? 

12. How are they convened ? State fully. 

13. How are vacancies filled ? 

14. How do the Electors vote ? 

15. What of lists of persons voted for ? 

16. What precaution is taken against fraud? 



General Questions Taken Mostly from Lists Issued 

by the State Superintendent of Public 

Instruction. 

1. How may the State Constitution be amended? 

2. State fully the difference in the manner of choos- 
ing a United States Senator and a Representative. 

3. Who are the United States Senators from Iowa ? 

4. Give in substance the preamble to the Consti- 
tution. 

5. How is our State Legislature constituted ? 

6. How many members are there in each division of 
the Legislature ? 

7. When does the Legislature convene ? 

8. How long does it remain in session ? 

9. How did the United States acquire the territory 
where Des Moines now stands ? 

10. What do you understand by the General Assembly 
of Iowa ? 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 163 

11. When and where does the General Assembly 
meet? 

12. To how many Presidential Electors is this State 
entitled, and what are their duties ? 

13. Name the present Governor of Iowa. 

14. Who is member of Congress from this district ? 

15. Should the study of Civil Government receive 
special attention in our public schools? Give reasons 
for your answer. 

16. When does the next term of the District Court of 
this county begin, and what class of offenses are tried 
in it? 

17. Give the names of all the county officers in this 
county. 

18. When were they elected ? 

19. What county officers are to be elected at the next 
election ? 

20. When does the next election occur ? 

21. Give the names of the State officers of the present 
administration. 

22. When did the Articles of Confederation go into 
effect? 

23. Why were they superseded by the present Con- 
stitution ? 

24. How many Senators and Representees compose 
the General Assembly of the State ? 

25. How many Congressional districts are there in the 
State? 

26. What benefit should be derived from the study of 
the history of the State ? 

27. In case the Electoral College fails to elect a Presi- 
dent and Vice President, how are they elected ? 



164 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

28. How may a bill become a law without the sig- 
nature of the Governor? 

29. State fully the other processes of law making. 

30. Name as many specified powers of the General 
Assembly as you can. 

31. How are the amendments to the Constitution 
made ? 

32. Name the three powers of government. 

33. In what officers is each power vested ? 

34. By whom and for what length of time are these 
officers chosen ? 

35. What is the title of the presiding officer of the 
Senate ? 

36. How is he chosen ? 

37. What is the title of the presiding officer of the 
House ? 

38. How is this officer chosen ? 

39. What restrictions does the Constitution make 
regarding duelling ? 

40. Can private property be taken for public purposes 
without compensation ? Explain. 

41. What record must the journal of each House show 
on the final passage of a bill ? 

42. When does a law passed by the General Assembly 
take effect ? 

43. In what respect do the functions of the District 
Court differ from those of the Circuit Court? 

44. Write a short sketch about each State institution. 

45. What is a veto? 

4fi. How is a bill passed over the Governor's veto ? 
47. What encouragement to education has the United 
States Government extended to Iowa ? 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 165 

48. Give a clear explanation of the United States 
Surveys. 

49. Draw a figure, locating on it the N.W. J of the 
N.W. £ of Section 16, Township 72 north, Range 9 
west of fifth principal meridian. 

50. After 1886, how will the office of District Attorney 
be filled? 

51. What are the duties and powers of the Governor ? 
Explain fully. 

52. What powers has the Federal Government ? 

53. Make a clear and concise statement of the duties 
and powers of the General Assembly. 

54. What relations exist between the states ? 

55. State all you can about the Jury system. 

56. Name all the officers of your township. 

57. What are the duties of the Sub-Director ? The 
Teacher ? 

58. What is the duty of each officer appointed by the 
Governor? 

59. What are the duties of the Board of Supervisors, 
County Superintendent, and Coroner ? 

60. In what Township and Range do you live? In 
what Section ? 

61. Who is District or Circuit Judge in the district in 
which you live ? 

62. Who is Mayor of your town or city ? 

63. What is the compensation of each State officer ? 

64. How do members of the General Assembly draw 
their salaries ? 

65. What is an impeachment \ 

66. Who issues the proclamation for a general election ? 
Explain. 

67. What persons compose the Executive Council ? 



166 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

68. What is the jurisdiction of a Justice of the Peace? 

69. When does the next term of Circuit Court begin 
in this county ? 

70. What class of cases is tried in this Court ? 

71. What body tries an impeachment ? 

72. What is done with the lists which the electors of 
President and Vice-President make ? 

73. How are vacancies in the Electoral College filled. 

74. What is the number of members of the Electoral 
College of Iowa. 

75. Show by a figure the location of the E. -| of the 
N. E. J of Section 21, Township 75 north, Range 31 
west of 5th p. m. 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



Preamble. We, the People op the State op Iowa, grateful to the Supreme 
Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our depend- 
ence on Him for a continuation of those blessings, do ordain and 
establish a free and independent government, by the name of The 
State op Iowa, the boundaries whereof shall be as follows : 
Boundary. Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi 

river, at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main chan- 
nel of the Des Moines river, thence up the middle of the main channel 
of the said Des Moines river, to a point on said river where the north- 
ern boundary line of the State of Missouri— as established by the Con- 
stitution of that State, adopted June 12, 1820— crosses the said middle 
of the main channel of the said Des Moines river; thence westwardly 
along the said northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as 
established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line inter- 
sects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river ; thence up 
the middle of the main channel of the said Missouri river to a point 
opposite to the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux river, 
according to Nicollet's map ; thence up the main channel of the said 
Big Sioux river, according to the said map, until it is intersected by the 
the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude ; 
thence east along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty min- 
utes, until said parallel intersects the middle of the main channel of 
the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main channel of 
the said Mississippi river to the place of beginning. 



ARTICLE I. -BILL OF RIGHTS. 
Rights of Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have cer- 

Persons. tain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defend- 
ing life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, 
and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. 
Political Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government 

Power. is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and 
they have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever 
the public good may require it. 
Religion. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall make no law respecting an 

establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; 
nor shall any perscn be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay 
tithes, taxes, or other rates, for building or repairing places of wor- 
ship, or the maintenance of any minister or ministry. 
Religious Sec. 4. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for 

Test. any office of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his 

rights, privileges or capacities, or disqualified from the performance 
of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give 
evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions 
on the subject of religion ; and any party to any judicial proceeding 
shall have the right to use as a witness, or take the testimony of, any 
167 



16S 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



Dueling. 



Laws Uni- 
form. 



Liberty of 
Speech and 
Press. 



Personal 
Security. 



Trial by 
Jury. 



Rights of 
Persons 
Accused. 



Without 
Indictment. 



By Indict- 
ment. 

Twice Tried 
Bail. 



Habeas 
Corpus. 

Military. 



Quartering 
Troops. 



other person, not disqualified on account of interest, who may be cog- 
nizant of any fact material to the case ; and parties to suits may be 
witnesses, as provided by law. 

Sec. 5. Any citizen of this State who may hereafter be engaged, 
either directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory 
before the fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office 
under the Constitution and laws of this State. 

Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform opera- 
tion ; the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or 
class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which upon the same terms 
shall not equally belong to all citizens. 

S kc. 7. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments 
on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law 
shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the 
press. In all prosecutions or indictmehts for libel, the truth may be 
given to the jury, and if it appear to the jury that the matter charged 
as libelous was true, and was published with good motives and for 
justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. 

Sec. 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches 
shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but on probable 
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the 
place to be s ^arched, and the persons and things to be seized. 

Sec. 9. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate ; but the 
General Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than 
twelve men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of law. 

Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the 
life or liberty of an individual, the accused shall have the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jury ; to be informed of the 
accusation against him ; to have a copy of the same when demanded : 
to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
process for his witnesses ; and to have the assistance of counsel. 

Sec. 11. All offenses less than felony, and in which the punish- 
ment does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment 
for thirty days, shall be tried summarily before a Justice of the Peace, 
or other officer authorized by law, on information under oath, without 
indictment, or the intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defend- 
ant the right of appeal ; and no person shall be luld to answer for any 
higher criminal offense, unless on presentation or indictment by a 
grand jury, except in cases arising in the army or navy, or in the mili- 
tia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger. 

Sec. 12. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same 
offense. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient 
sureties, except for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the 
presump ion great. 

Sec. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or 
refused when application is made as required by law. unless in case 
of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 

Sec. 14. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. 
No standing army shall be kept up by the State in time of peace; 
and Id time of war, no appropriation for a standing army shall be for 
a longer time than two years. 

Sec. 15. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in 
the manner prescribed by law. 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



169 



Treason. 



Bail. Pun- 
ishments. 



Eminent 
Domain. 



Imprison- 
ment for 
Debt. 

Petition. 



Attainder. 

Aliens hold 
Property. 

Slavery. 

Reserva- 
tion. 

Rights 
Retained. 



Sec. 16. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying 
war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and com- 
fort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the evidence 
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 17. Excessive hail shall not be required ; excessive fines 
shall not be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishment shall not be 
inflicted. 

Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken for public use with- 
out just compensation first being made, or secured to be made, to the 
owner thereof, as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who 
shall not take into consideration any advantages that may result to 
said owner on account of the improvement for which it is taken. 

Sec. 19. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil 
action, on mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud ■, and no per- 
son shall be imprisoned for a military fine in time of peace. 

Sec. 20. The people have the right freely to assemble together to 
counsel for the common good ; to make known their opinions to their 
representatives, and to petition for a redress of grievances. 

Sec. 21. No bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 22. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents 
of this State, shall enjoy ihe same rights in respect to the possession, 
enjoyment, and descent of property, as native-born citizens. 

SeC 23. There shall be no slavery in this State ; nor shall there 
be involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime. 

Sec. 24. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any 
rent or service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than 
twenty years. 

Sec. 25. The enumeration of rights shall not be construed to im- 
pair or deny others, retained by the people. 



ARTICLE II.-RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. 

Electors. Section 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of 

twenty-one years.'who shall have been a resident of the State six 
months next preceding the election, and of the county in which he 
claims his vote, sixty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections 
which are now or hereafter may be authorized by law. 

Privilege. Sec. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach 

of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during 
their attendance at such elections, going to and returning therefrom. 

Same. Sec. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the 

day of election, except in time of war or public danger. 

Resident. Sec. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the 

United States shall be considered a resident of this State by being sta- 
tioned in any garrison, barrack, or military or naval place or station 
within this State. 

Insane. Sec. 5. No idiot or insane person, or person convicted of any 

infamous crime, shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. 

Ballot. Sec. 6. Ail elections by the people shall be by ballot. 



ARTICLE III.-OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS. 

Dept's of Section 1. The powers of the government of Iowa sh Ii be 

Govern- divided into three separate departments : The Legislative, the Exec- 
ment. utive, and the Judicial ; and no person charged with the exercise of 



170 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise 
any function appertaining to either of the others, except in cases 
hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Legislative Section 1. The Legislative authority of this State shall be vested 

Authority, in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives ; and the style of every law shall be : "Be it enacted 
by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa." 

Sessions. Sec. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be biennial, 

and shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing 
the election of its members ; unless the Governor of the State shall, in 
the meantime, convene the Generai Assembly by proclamation. 

Members of Sec. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be 

House of chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective 
Represen- districts, on the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the 
tatives. Presidential election, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next 
after the first Monday in November ; and their term of office shall 
commence on the first day of January next after their election, and 
continue two years, and until their successors are elected and qual- 
ified. 

Eligibility. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the House of Representa- 

tives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, be a male 
citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this 
State one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his elec- 
tion shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or 
district he may have been chosen to represent. 

Senators. Sec. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the 

same time and place as Representatives ; they shall be twenty-five 
years of age, and possess the qualifications of Representatives as to 
residence and citizenship. 

Number and Sec. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one-third 
Classifica- nor more than one-half the Representative body ; and shall be so 
tion. classified by lot, that one class being as nearly one-half as possible, 

shall be elected every two years. When the number of Senators is in- 
creased, they shall be annexed by one lot to one or the other of the 
two classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in numbers as 
practicable. 

Elections Sec. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the 

Determ- qualification, election and return of its own members. A contested 
ined, election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by 

law. 

Quorum. Sec. 8. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to 

transact business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such man- 
ner and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

Authority Sec. 9. Each House shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a 

of the journal of its proceedings, and publish the same ; determine its rules 

House. of proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the 

consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the 

same offense ; and shall have all other power necessary for a branch 

of the General Assembly of a free and independent State. 

Protest Sec. 10. Every member of the General Assembly shall have 

the liberty of dissent from or protest against any act or resolution 
which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



171 



Privilege. 



Vacancies. 



Doors Open. 

Adjourn- 
ments. 

Bills. 



To be Ap- 
proved, 
etc. 



Same. 



Receipts 
and Ex- 
penditures. 

Impeach- 
ment. 



Who Liable 
to and 
Judgment. 



the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals ; and the yeas and 
nays of the members of either House, on any question, sh?Jl, at the 
desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals. 

Sec. 11. Senators and Representatives, in all cases, except 
treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest 
during the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and 
returning from the same. 

Sec. 12. When vacancies occur in either House, the Governor, or 
the person exercising the functions of Governor, shall issue writs of 
election to fill such vacancies. 

Sec. 13. The doors of each House shall be open, except on such 
occasions as, in the opinion of the House, may require secrecy. 

Sec. 14. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in 
which they may be sitting. 

Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either House, and may be amended, 
altered or rejected by the other ; and every bill having passed both 
Houses, shall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respect- 
ive Houses. 

Sec. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assem- 
bly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objec- 
tions, to the House in which it originated, which shall enter the same 
upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such recon- 
sideration, it again pass both Houses, by yeas and nays, by a major- 
ity of two-thirds of the members of each House, it shall become a law, 
notwithstanding the Governor's objections. If any bill shall not be 
returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him 
(Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by adjournment, prevent 
such return. Any bill submitted to the Governor for his approval dur- 
ing the last three days of a session of the General Assembly, shall be 
deposited by him in the office of the Secretary of State within thirty 
days after the adjournment, with his approval, if approved by him, 
and with his objections if he disapproves thereof. 

Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority 
of all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, 
and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately 
upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal. 

Sec. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures 
of the public money shall be attached to and published with the laws 
at every regular session of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 19. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power 
of impeachment, and ali impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. 
When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affir- 
mation ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
two-thirds of the members present. 

Sec. 20. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District 
Courts, and other State officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any 
misdemeanor or malfeasance in office ; but judgment in such cases 
shall extend only to removal from office and disqualification to hold 
any office of honor, trust or profit under this State ; but the party con- 
victed or acquitted shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, and 
punishment according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for 
misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the Gen- 
eral Assembly may provide. 



172 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



Members not 
appointed 
to office. 



Disqualifi- 
cation. 



Same. 



Money 
Drawn. 

Compensa- 
tion of 
Members. 



Laws; when 
to take 
effect. 



Publica- 
tion. 
Divorce. 
Lotteries. 

Acts; Sub- 
ject to be 
Expressed. 



Local or 
special 
laws. 



Laws; Gen- 
eral and 
Uniform. 



Sec. 21. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for 
which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of 
profit under this State, which shall have been created or the emolu- 
ments of which shall have been Increased during such term, except 
such offices as may be filled by elections of the people. 

Skc. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United 
States, or this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat 
in the General Assembly ; but offices in the militia, to which there is 
attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or post- 
master, whose compensation does not exceed one huudred dollars per 
annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative. 

Sec. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of 
public moneys, shall have a seat in either House of the General 
Assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this 
State, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all 
sums for which he may be liable. 

Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con- 
sequence of appropriations made by law. 

Sec. 25. Each member of the first General Assembly under this 
Constitution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session ; and 
the further sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in 
going to and returning from the place where such session is held, by 
the nearest traveled route ; after which they shall receive such com- 
pensation as shall be fixed by law ; but no General Assembly shall 
have the power to increase the compensation of its members. And 
when convened in extra session they shall receive the same mileage 
and per diem compensation as fixed- by law for the regular session, 
and none other. 

Sec 26. No law of the General Assembly, passed at a regular ses- 
sion, of a public nature, shall take effect until the fourth day of July 
next after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall 
take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the General Assembly 
by which they were passed. If the General Assemly shall deem any 
law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall 
take effect by publication in newspapers of the State. 

Sec. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the General Assembly. 

Sec. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this State; nor shall the 
sale of lottery tickets be allowed. 

Sec. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters 
properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the 
title; but if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be 
expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof 
as shall not be expressed in the title. 

S ec. 30. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws 
in the following cases: 

For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, or road 
purposes; 

For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; 

For changing the names of persons: 

For the incorporation of cities and towns; 

For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; 

For locating or changing county seats. 

In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a 
general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of 
uniform operation throughout the State; and no law changing the 
boundary lines of any county shall have effect until, upon being sub- 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



173 



Extra com- 
pensation. 



Oath of 
members. 



Census. 



Apportion- 
ment. 



Districts. 



Ratio of 
represen- 
tation. 

Districts. 



Elections 
by General 
Assembly. 



mitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at ageneral 
election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county 
cast for aud against it. 

Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, pub- 
lic agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or 
the contract entered into: nor shall any money be paid on any claim, 
the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre- 
existing laws, and no public money or property shall be appropriated 
for local or private purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation 
or claim be allowed by two-thirds of the members elected to each 
branch of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 32. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they en- 
ter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the 
following oath or affirmation: H I do solemnly swear (or affirm as the 
case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, 
and the Constitution of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully dis- 
charge the duties of Senator (or Representative, as the case may be), 
according to the best of my ability;" and members of the General As- 
sembly are hereby empowered to administer to each other the said 
oath or affirmation. 

Sec. 33. The General Assembly shall, in the years one thousand 
eight hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight 
hundred and sixtv-seven, oae thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, 
one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and every ten years 
thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of 
the State. 

Sec. 34. The number of Senators shall, at the next session follow- 
ing each period of making such enumeration, and the next session 
following each United States census, be fixed by law, and apportioned 
among the several counties according to the number of inhabitants in 
each. 

Sec. 35. The Senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, 
nor the House of Representatives of more than one hundred ; and they 
shall be apportioned among the several counties and representative 
districts of the State according to the number of inhabitants in each 
upon ratios to be fixed by law; but no representative district shall 
contain more than four organized counties, and each district shall be 
entitled to at least one Representative. Every county and district 
which shall have a number of inhabitants equal to one-half of the ratio 
fixed by law, shall be entitled to one Representative; and any one 
county containing, in addition to the ratio fixed by law, one-half of 
that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional Representa- 
tive. No floating district shall hereafter be formed. 

Sec. 36. At its first session under this Constitution, and at every 
subsequent regular session, the General Assembly shall fix the ratio of 
representation, and also form into representative districts those 
counties which will not be entitled singly to a Representative. 

Sec. 37. When a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative 
district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be en- 
tirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and no 
county shall be divided in forming a Congressional, Senatorial, or 
Representative district. 

Sec. 38. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members 
thereof shall vote Viva Voce; and the votes shall be entered on the 
journal. 



174 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



ARTICLE IV.--EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Governor. Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State shall be 

vested In a Chief Magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the 
State of Iowa. 

Election Seo. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at 

and term. the time and place of voting for members of the General Assembly 
and shall hold his office two years from the time of his installation, and 
until his successor is elected and qualified. 

Lieutenant Sec. 3. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall hold his 

Governor, office two years, and be elected at the same time as the Governor. In 
voting for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the electors shall des- 
ignate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant 
Governor. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieuten- 
ant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of Gov- 
ernment of the State, directed to the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, who shall open and publish them in the presence of both 
Houses of the General Assembly. 

Election by Sec. 4. The persons respectively having the highest number of 

General votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be declared duly 

Assembly, elected; but in case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the 

highest number of votes for either office, the General Assembly shall. 

by joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of said persons Governor, 

or Lieutenant Governor, as the case may be. 

Contested Sec. 5. Contested elections for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, 

elections, shall be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may 
be prescribed by law. 

Eligibility. Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or 

Lieutenant Governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United 
States and a resident of the State two years next preceding the election, 
and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. 

Commander. Sec. 7. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, 
the army and navy of this State. 

Duties. Sec. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers 

of government, civil and military, and may require information in 
writing from the officers of the Executive Department upon any sub- 
ject relating to the duties of their respective offices. 

Same. Sec. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. 

Vacancies. Sec. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, 

and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such 
vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by grant- 
ing a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of 
the General Assembly, or at the next election by the people. 

Convening Sec. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Gen- 

Assembly, eral Assembly by proclamation, and shall state to both Houses, when 
assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened. 

Message. Sec. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the General 

Assembly, at every regular session, the condition of the State, and 
recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient. 

Adjourn- Sec. 13. In case of disagreement between the two Houses with 

ment. respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to 

adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he may thinK proper; 

but no such adjournment shall be beyond the time fixed for the 

regular meeting of the next General Assembly. 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



175 



Disqualifi- 
cation. 



Term. 



Pardons, 
etc. 



Lieutenant 
Governor 
act as 
Governor. 

Further va- 
cancies 
provided 
for. 

Same. 



Seal of State, 



Commis- 
sions, etc. 



Secretary, 
Auditor, 

and Treas- 
urer. 



Sec. 14. No person shall, while holding any office under the 
authority of the United States, or this State, execute the office of 
Governor or Lieutenant Governor, except as hereinafter expressly 
provided. 

Sec. 15. Tne official term of the Governor and Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor, shall commence on the second Monday of January next after 
their election, and continue for two years, and until their successors 
are elected and qualified. The Lieutenant Governor, while acting as 
Governor, shall receive the same pay as provided for Governor: and 
while presiding in the Senate, shall receive as compensation therefor 
the same mileage and double the per diem pay provided for a Senator, 
and none other. 

Sec. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, com- 
mutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason 
and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be 
provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to 
suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported 
to the General Assembly at its next meeting, when the General Assem- 
bly shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct the 
execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have 
power to remit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be 
prescribed bylaw; and shall report to the General Assembly, at its 
next meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, 
and the reason therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission 
of fines and forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts 
remitted. 

Sec. 17. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal 
from office, or other disability of the Governor, the powers and duties 
of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or 
the disability removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor. 
Sec. 18. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall only vote when the Senate is equally divided; and in 
case of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the 
office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a President pro tempore. 

Sec. 19. If the Lieutenant Governor, while acting as Governor, 
shall be impeached, displaced, resign or die, or otherwise become 
incapable of performing the duties of the office, the President pro 
tempore of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled, 
or the disability removed; and if the President of the Senate, for any 
of the above causes, shall be rendered incapable of performing the 
duties pertaining to the office of Governor, the same shall devolve 
upon the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

Sec. 20. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept 
by the Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the 
Great Seal of the State of Iowa. 

Sec. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by 
the authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the Great 
Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the 
Secretary of State. 

Sec. 22. A Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of 
State, shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in 
office two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified, 
and perform such duties as may be required by law. 



176 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



ARTICLE V.-JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Courts. Section 1. The Judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme 

Court, District Court, and such other Courts, inferior to the Supreme 
Court, as the General Asssembly may, from time to time, establish. 

Supreme Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three Judges, two of 

Court. whom shall constitute a quorum to hold court. 

Judges Sec. 3. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the 

Elected. qualified electors of the State, and shall hold their Court at such 
time and place as the General Assembly may prescribe. The Judges 
of the Supreme Court, so elected, shall be classified so that one Judge 
shall go out of office every two years; and the Judge holding the 
shortest term of office, under such classification, shall be Chief Justice 
of the Court during his term, and so on in rotation. After the expira- 
tion of their terms of office, under such classification, the term of each 
Judge of the Supreme Court shall be six years, and until his successor 
shall have been elected and qualified. The Judges of the Supreme 
Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State during the 
term for which they have been elected. 

Jurisdic- Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only 

tion. in cases in chancery, and shall constitute a Court for the correction of 

errors at law, under such restrictions as the General Assembly may by 
law prescribe; and shall have power to issue all writs and process 
necessary to secure justice to parties, and exercise a supervisory 
control over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the State. 

District Sec. 5. The District Court shall consist of a single Judge, who 

Judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of the district in which 

Elected. he resides. The Judge of the District Court shall hold his office for 
the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected 
and qualified; and shall be ineligible to any other office, except that of 
Judge of the Supreme Court, during the term for which he was 
elected. 

Jurisdic- Sec. 6. The District Court shall be a Court of law and equity, 

tion. which shall be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have juris- 

diction in civil and criminal matters arising in their respective 
districts in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 

Conservators Sec. 7. The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be 

of the Peace, conservators of the peace throughout the State. 

Style of Sec. 8. The style of all processes shall be, "The State of Iowa," 

Process. and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the author- 
ity of the same. 

Salaries. Sec. 9. The salary of each Judge of the Supreme Court shall 

be two thousand per annum, and that of each District Judge one thou- 
sand six hundred dollars per annum, until the year eighteen hundred 
and sixty ; after which time they shall severally receive such compen- 
sation as the General Assembly may, by law, prescribe, which com- 
pensation shall not be increased or diminished during the term for 
which they shall have been elected. 

Judicial Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into eleven Judicial Districts, 

Districts. and after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the General Assembly 
may reorganize the Judicial Districts, and increase or diminish the 
number of Districts, or the number of Judges of the said Court, 
and may increase the number of Judges of the Supreme Court; but 
such increase or diminution shall not be more than one District, or 
one Judge of either Court, at any one session, and no reorganization of 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



177 



When 
Chosen. 



Attorney- 
General. 



District 
Attorney, 



Duties of 
General 
Assembly. 



the Districts, or diminution of the number of Judges, shall have 
the effect of removing a Judge from office. Such reorganization of the 
Districts, or any change in the boundaries thereof, or increase or 
diminution of the number of Judges, shall take^place every four 
years thereafter, if necessary, and at no other time. 

Sec. 11. The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be 
chosen at the general election; and the term of office of each Judge 
shall commence on the first day of January next after his election. 

Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the elec- 
tion of an Attorney General by the people, whose term of office shall 
be two years, and until his successor shall have been elected and 
qualified. 

Sec. 13. The qualified electors of each Judicial District shall, 
at the time of the election of District Judge, elect a District Attorney, 
who shall be a resident of the District for which he is elected, and who 
shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor 
shall have been elected and qualified. 

Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide 
for the carrying into effect of this article, and to provide for a general 
system of practice in all the Courts of this State. 



Who consti- 
tute. 



Exemption. 



Officers. 



ARTICLE VI.-MILITiA. 

Section 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able- 
bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty -five years, 
except such as are, or may hereafter be, exempt by the laws of the 
United States, or of this State, and shall be armed, equipped, and 
trained, as the General Assembly may provide by law. 

Sec. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bear- 
ing arms shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace; Pro- 
vided, that such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such 
exemption in the same manner as other citizens. 

Sec. 3. All commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers ex- 
cepted) shall be elected by persons liable to perform military duty, and 
shall be commissioned by the Governor. 



ARTICLE VII.-STATE DEBTS. 

Limitation Section 1. The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be 

of State given or loaned to, or in aid of, any individual, association or corpo- 
indebted- ration; and the State shall never assume, or become responsible for, 
ness. the debts or liabilities of any individual, association, or corporation, 

unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. 
Same. Sec. 2. The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or 

failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; 
but the aggregate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether 
contracted by virtue of one or more acts of the General Assembly, or 
at different periods of time, shall never exceed the sum of two hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars, and the money arising from the crea- 
tion of such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which it was 
obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to no other purpose 
whatever. 
Losses to Sec. 3. All losses to the Permanent, School, or University fund of 

school- this State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mis- 
fund au- management or fraud of the agents or officers controlling and manag- 
dited. ing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. 

12 



178 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



For what 
other pur- 
pose Suite 
may con- 
tract debts. 
Other 
debts to 
be au- 
thorized 
by special 
law. 



Submitted 
to the 
people. 

Legislature 
may re- 
peal. 



Tax im- 
posed dis- 
tinctly 
stated. 



The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the 
State, in favor of the respective fund, sustaining the loss, upon which 
not less than six per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount 
of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness 
authorized by the second section of this article. 

Sec. 4. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, 
the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, 
or defend the State in war; but the money arising from the debts so 
contracted shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or 
to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. 

Sec. 5. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article, no 
debt shall be hereafter contracted bv or on behalf of this State, unless 
such debt shall be authorized by some law for some single work or 
object, to be distinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose 
a- d provide for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay 
the Interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge 
the principal of such debt, within twenty years of the contracting 
thereof; but no such law shall take effect until, at a general election, it 
shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority 
of all the votes cast for and against it at such election; and all money 
raised by authority of such law, shall be applied only to the specific 
object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt created thereby; 
and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each 
county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, for three 
months preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people. 

Sec. 6. The Legislature may, at any time after the approval of 
such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursu- 
ance thereof, repeal the same, and may at any time forbid the contract- 
ing of any further debt or liability under such law ; but the tax imposed 
by snch law, in proportion to the debt or liability which may have 
been contracted in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be 
irrepealable, and be annually collected, until the principal and inter- 
est are fully paid. 

Sec. 7. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, 
shall distinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied ; 
and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or 
object. 



ARTICLE VIII.-CORPORATIONS. 

Corpora- Section 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but 

tions, how the General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organi- 

created. zation of all corporations hereafter to be created, except as herein- 
after provided. 

Property Sec. 2. The property for all corporations for pecuniary profit 

taxable. shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. 

State not Sec. 3. The State shall not become a stockholder in any corpora- 
to be a tion, nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability of any corpora- 
stock- lion, unless incurred in time of war. for the benefit of the State, 
holder. Sec. 4. No political or municipal corporation shall become a 

Corporation stockholder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly, 

not to be a Sec. 5. No act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating 

stock- corporations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments 

holder. thereto, shall take effect or in any manner be in force, until the same 

Act creating shall have been submitted, separately, to the people, at a general or 

corpora- special election, as provided by law, to be held not less than three 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



179 



tion sub- 
mitted to 
the people. 
State bank. 

Founded on 
specie ba- 
sis. 

General 
banking 
law to 
provide 
for. 



Stockhold- 
ers respon- 
sible. 



Who has 
preference. 
Suspension. 

General As- 
sembly 
may amend 
or repeal. 



months after the passage of the act, and shall have been approved by 
a majority of all the electors voting for and against it at such election. 

Sec. 6. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the 
General Assembly may also provide for tee establishment of a State 
Bank, with branches. 

Sec. ?. If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an 
actual specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible 
for each other's liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues in- 
tended for circulation as money. 

Sec. 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide 
for the registry and countersigning, by an officer of State, of all bills 
or paper credit designed to circulate as money, and require security to 
the full amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, in 
United States stocks, or in interest paying stocks of States in good 
credit and standing, to be rated at ten per cent, below their average 
value in the city of New York, for the thirty days next preceding their 
deposit; and in case of a depreciation of any portion of such stocks, to 
the amount of ten per cent, on the dollar, the bank or banks owning 
said stocks shall be required to make up said deficiency by depositing 
additional stocks; and said law shall also provide for the recording of 
the names of all stockholders in such corporations, the amount of 
stock held by each, the time of any transfer and to whom. 

Sec. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution 
shall be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and 
above the amount of stock by him and her held, to an amount equal to 
his or her respective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accruing 
while he or she remains such stockholder. 

Sec. 10. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the 
bill holders shall have a preference over its other creditors. 

Sec. 11. The suspension of specie payments by banking institu- 
tions shall never be permitted or sanctioned. 

Sec. 12. Subject to the provisions of this article, the General As- 
sembly shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organiza- 
tion or creation of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive 
privileges or immunities, by a vote of two-thirds of each branch of 
the General Assembly; and no exclusive privileges, except as in this 
article provided, shall ever be granted. 



Board of 
Education. 



Who eligi- 
ble. 

How elect- 
ed; how 
divided. 



ARTICLE IX.-EDUCATIOX AND SCHOOL LANDS. 
FIRST— EDUCATION. 

Section 1. The educational interests of the State, including Com- 
mon Schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the 
management of a Board of Education, which shall consist of the Lieu- 
tenant Governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the Bourd, and 
have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected 
from each judicial district in the State. 

Sec. 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said Board who 
shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall have 
been one year a citizen of the State. 

Sec. 3. One member of said Board shall be chosen by the qualified 
electors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four 
years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first 
election under this Constitution the Board shall be divided, as nearly 
as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class 



180 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



First ses- 
sion held. 



Limited to 
twenty 
days. 

Secretary. 



Rules and 
regula- 
tions of 
board. 

Powers. 



Governor, 
ex -officio, a 
member. 

Contingent. 



State Uni- 
versity. 

Board of 
Education 
provide. 



Compensa- 
tion. 



Quorum; 
style of 
acts. 



When Board 
may be 
abolished. 



shall be vacated after the expiration of two years, and one-half of the 
Board shall be chosen every two years thereafter. 

Sec. 4. The first session of the Board of Education shall be held 
at the Seat of Government, on the first Monday of December after their 
election, after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place 
of meeting. 

Sec. 5. The session of the Board shall be limited to twenty days, 
and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extra- 
ordinary occasions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of 
the Board, the Governor may order a special session. 

Sec. 6. The Board of Education shall appoint a Secretary who 
shall be the executive officer of the Board, and perform such duties as 
may be imposed upon him by the Board, and the laws of the State. 
They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be pub- 
lished and distributed in the same manner as the journals of the Gene- 
ral Assembly. 

Sec. 7. All rules and regulations made by the Board shall be pub- 
lished and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school 
districts, as may be provided for by the Board, and when so made, 
published, and distributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. 

Sec. 8. The Board of Education shall have full power and au- 
thoriy to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in rela- 
tion to Common Schools, and other educational institutions that are 
instituted, to receive aid from the School or University fund of this 
State; but all acts, rules and regulations of said Board may be altered 
amended, or repealed by the General Assembly, and when so altered, 
amended, or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted by the Board of 
Education. 

Sec. 9. The Governor of the State shall be, ex-offlcio, a member of 
said Board. 

Sec. 10. The Board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make 
appropriations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be pro- 
vided for by the General Assembly. 

SEC 11. The State University shall be established at one place with- 
out branches at any other place, and the University fund shall be ap- 
plied to that institution and no other. 

Sec. 12. The Board of Education shall provide for the education 
of all the youths of the State, through a system of common schools, and 
such schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at 
least three mouths in each year. Any district failing, for two consecu- 
tive years, to organize and keep up a school, as aforesaid, may 1)C de- 
prived of their portion of the school fund. 

Sec. 13. The members of the Board of Education shall each re- 
ceive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage 
going to and returuing therefrom, as members of the General As- 
sembly. 

Sec. 14. A majority of the Board shall constitute a Quorum for 
the transaction of business; but no rule, regulation, or law for the 
government of common schools or other educational institutions shall 
pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the 
Board, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final pass- 
age. The style of all acts of the Board shall be : " Be it enacted by 
the Board of Education of the State of Iowa." 

Sec. 15. At any time after the year one thousand eight hundred 
and sixty-three, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or 
reorganize said Board of Education, and provide for the educational in- 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



181 



General 
Assembly 
controls. 

Permanent 
fund. 



Lands ap- 
propriated 
to educa- 
tional pur- 
poses. 



Fines and 
forfeit- 
ures, how 
appropri- 
ated. 



Lands 
reserved 
or granted, 
or funds 
accruing 
to be a per- 
manent 
fund. 

Interest 
applied. 



Who are 
agents. 

Money to 
be distrib- 
uted. 



terests of the State in any other manner that to them shall seem best 
and proper. 

SECOND— SCHOOL FUNDS AND SCHOOL LANDS. 

Section 1. The educational and school funds and lands shall be 
under the control and management of the General Assembly of the 
State. 

Sec. 2. The University lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all 
moneys belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole 
use of the State University. The interest arising from the same shall 
be annually appropriated for the support and benefit of said Uni- 
versity. 

Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable 
means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricul- 
tural improvement. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or here- 
after may be, granted by the United States to this State, for tbe support 
of schools, which may have been or shall hereafter be sold or disposed 
of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new 
States, under an act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the pub- 
lic lands among the several States of the Union, approved in the year 
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and all estates 
of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, 
and also such per cent, as has been or may hereafter be granted by 
Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a per- 
petual fund, the interest of which, together with all rents of the unsold 
lands, and such other means as the General Assembly may provide, 
shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools 
throughout the State. 

Sec. 4. The money which may have been or shall be paid by per- 
sons as an equivalent from exemption from military duty, and the clear 
proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of 
the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in 
which such money is paid, or fine collected, among the several school 
districts of said counties, in proportion to the number of youths sub- 
ject to enumeration in such districts, to the support of common schools, 
or the establishment of libraries, as the Board of Education shall from 
time to time provide. 

Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall take measures for the protec- 
tion, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or 
may hereafter be, reserved, or granted by the United States, or any 
person or persons, to this State, for the use of the University, and the 
funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other 
source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a permanent 
fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said Uni- 
versity, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may 
be authorized by the terms of such grant; and it shall be the duty of 
the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to provide effectual means 
for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said Uni- 
versity. 

Sec. 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same 
that by law receive and control the State and county revenue, for other 
civil purposes, under such regulations as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of 
common schools shall be distributed to the districts in proportion to 
the number of youths between the ages of five and twenty-one years, 
in such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly. 



L82 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



ARTICLE X-AMENDMESTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

Submission Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to lliis Constitution 

of amend- may be proposed in either House of the General Assembly; and if the 
meats. same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each 

of the two Houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their 
journal, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the 
Legislature to be chosen at the next general election, and shall be pub- 
lished, as provided by law, for three months previous to the time of 
making said choice; and if, in the General Assembly so next chosen 
as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed 
to, by a majority of all the members elected to each House, then it 
shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such proposed 
amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such 
time as the General Assembly shall provide; and if the people shall 
approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of 
the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, 
voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part 
of the Constitution of this State. 
More than Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the 

one. same time, they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors 

shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately. 
Convention Sec. 3. Atthe general election to be held in the year one thousand 

to Revise eight hundred and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also 
Constitu- at such times as the General Assembly may by law provide, the ques- 
tion, tion, "Shall there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and 
amend the same ? " shall be decided by the electors qualified to \ote 
for members of the General Assembly ; and in case a majority of the 
electors so qualified, voting at such election for and against such pro- 
position, shall decide in favor of a convention for such purpose, the 
General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by law for the 
election of delegates to such Convention. 



Jurisdiction 
of Justice 
of the 
Peace. 

New 
Counties. 



Indebted- 
ness. 



Boundaries. 



ARTICLE XI.-MISCELLANEOUS. 

Section 1. The jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace shall extend 
to all civil cases (except cases in chancery, and cases where the ques- 
tion of title to real estate may arise) where the amount in controversy 
does not exceed one hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may 
be extended to any amount not exceeding three hundred dollars. 

Sec. 2. No new county shall be hereafter created containing less 
than four hundred and thirty-two square miles, nor shall the territory 
of any organized county be reduced below that area, except the county 
of Worth, and the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of 
this State may be organized without additional territory. 

Sec. 3. No county, or other political or municipal corporation, 
shall be allowed to become indebted, in any manner or for any pur- 
pose, to an amount, in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum of the 
value of the taxable property within such county or corporation— to 
be ascertained by the last State and county tax list, previous to the in- 
curring of such indebtedness. 

skc. A. The boundaries of the State may be enlarged, with the 
couseut of Congress and the General Assembly. 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



183 



Oath of 
Office. 



How Vacan 
cies are 
Filled. 



How Lands 
Granted 
may be 
Located. 



Seat of Gov 
eminent. 



Sec. 5. Every person elected or appointed to any office, shall, 
before entering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to 
support the Constitution of the United States and of this State, and 
also an oath of office. 

Sec. 6. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring 
before the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold 
for the residue of the unexpired term ; and all persons appointed to 
fill vacancies in office shall hold until the next general election, and 
until their successors are elected and qualified. 

Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall not locate any of the public 
lands which have been or may be granted by Congress to this State, 
and the location of which may be given to the General Assembly, upon 
lands actually settled, without the consent of the occupant. The 
extent of the claim of such occupant so exempted shall not exceed 
three hundred and twenty acres. 

Sec. 8. The seat of government is hereby permanently estab- 
lished, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of 
Polk: and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. 



Supreme 
Law of 
the State. 

Laws in 
Force. 

Legal Pro- 
cess not 
Affected. 



Fines, etc., 
inure to 
the State. 

Bonds in 
Force. 

First 
Election. 

Governor 
and 

Lieuten- 
ant Gov- 
ernor. 



Same: Sec- 
retary, 



AKTICLE XII.-SCHEDULE. 

Section 1. The Constitution shall be the supreme law of the 
State, and any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The General 
Assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into 
effect. 

Sec. 2. All laws now in force not inconsistent with this Constitu- 
tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. 

Sec. 3. All indictments prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints, process, 
and other proceedings pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted 
to final judgment and execution ; and all appeals writs of error, cer- 
tiorari and injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts, in the 
same manner as now provided by law, and all offenses, misdemeanors 
and crimes that may have been committed before the taking effect of 
this Constitution, shall be subject to indictment, trial and punishment, 
in the same manner as they would have been had not this Constitution 
been made, 

Sec. 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, 
or accruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, 
shall inure to the State, county, or school fund, in the manner pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 5. All bonds executed to the State, or to any officer in his offi- 
cial capacity, shall remain in force and inure to the use of those con- 
cerned. 

Sec. 6. The election under this constitution shall be held on the 
second Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty seven, at which time the electors of the State shall elect the 
Governor and Lieutenant Governor. There shall also be elected at 
such election the successors of such State Senators as were elected at 
the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty- 
four, and members of the House of Representatives, who shall be 
elected in accordance with the act of apportionment, enacted at the 
session of the General Assembly which commenced on the first Mon- 
day of December, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six. 

Sec. 7. The first election for Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of 
State, Attorney General, District Judges, Members of the Board of 



184 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 



Auditor, Education, District Attorneys, Members of Congress, and such State 
etc. officers as shall be elected at the April election, in the year one thou- 

sand eight hundred and fifty-seven (except the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction), and such county officers as were elected at the 
August electi n, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, 
except Prosecuting Attorneys, shall be held on the second Tuesday in 
October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight : Provided, that 
the time for which any District Judge or other State or county officer 
elected at the April election in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty eight, shall not extend beyond the time fixed for filling like 
offices at the October election, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty-eight. 
Same: Judges Sec. 8. The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and 
of Su- such county officers as shall be elected at the August election, in the 

preme year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the 

Court. second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred 

and fifty-nine. 

Sec. 9. The first regular session of the General Assembly shall be 
held in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, com- 
mencing on the second Monday of January of said year 

Sec. 10. Senators elected at the August election, in the year one 
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, shall continue in office until the 
second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty nine, at which time their successors shall be elected as may 
be prescribed by law. 

sec. 11. Every person elected by popular vote, by a vote of the 
vacated by General Assembly, or who may hold offices by executive appointment, 
new Con- which office is continued by this Constitution, and every person who 
shall be so elected or appointed to any such office, before the taking 
effect of this Constitution (except as in this Constitution otherwise pro- 
vided), shall continue in office until the term for which such person 
has been or may be elected or appointed shall expire: but no such per- 
son shall continue in office after the taking effect of this Constitution, 
for a longer period than the term of such office, in this Constitution 
prescribed. 

Sec. 12. The General Assembly, at the first session under this 
Districted. Constitution, shall district the State into eleven Judicial Districts, for 
District Court purposes; and shall also provide for the apportionment 
of the members of the General Assembly in accordance with the pro- 
visions of this Constitution. 

Sec. 13. This Constitution shall be submitted to the electors of 
the State at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and fifty-seven, in the several election districts in this State. 
The ballots of such election shall be written or printed, as follows: 
Those in favor of the Constitution, " New Constitution— Yes." Those 
against the Constitution, " New Constitution— No." The election shall 
be conducted in the same manner as the general elections of the State, 
and the poll-books shall be returned and canvassed as provided in the 
twenty-fifth chapter of the Code, and abstracts shall be forwarded to 
the Secretary of State, which abstracts shall be canvassed in the man- 
ner provided for the canvass of State officers; and if it shall appear 
that a majority of all the votes cast at such election for and against 
this Constitution are in favor of the same, the Governor shall immedi- 
ately issue his proclamation stating that fact, and such Constitution 
shall be the Constitution of the State of Iowa, and shall take effect from 
and after the publication of said proclamation. 



First session 
General 
Assembly. 

Senators. 



Offices not 



stitution. 



State to be 



Constitu- 
tion to be 
voted for 
August, 
1857. 



CONSTITUTION OF IOWA. 



185 



Proposition Sec. 14. At the same election that this Constitution is submitted 

to strike to the people for its adoption or rejection, a proposition to amend the 

out the same by striking out the word " white " from the article on the 

word "Right of Suffrage," shall be separately submitted to the electors 

■■ white." of this State for adoption or rejection, in the manner following, viz.: 

A separate ballot may be given by every person having a right to vote 

at said election, to be deposited in a separate box. And those given 

for the adoption of such proposition shall have the words, •• Shall 

the word 'white' be stricken out of the article on the 'Right of 

Suffrage?' Yes." And those given against the proposition shall 

have the words, "Shall the word 'white' be stricken out of the article 

on the 'Right of Suffrage?' No." And if at said election the number 

of ballots cast in favor of said proposition shall be equal to a majority 

of those cast for and against this Constitution, then said word " white " 

shall be stricken from said article and be no part thereof. 

MillsCounty. Sec. 15. Until otherwise directed bylaw, the county of Mills shall 

be in and a part of the Sixth Judicial District of this State. 

Done in Convention at Iowa City, this fifth day of March, in the year 

of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and of the 

Independence of the United States of America the eighty-first. 



TIMOTHY DAY, 
S. G. WINCHESTER, 
DAVID BUNKER, 
D. P. PALMER, 
GEO. W. ELLIS, 
J. C. HALL, 
JOHN H. PETERS. 
WM. H. WARREN, 
H. W. GRAY, 
ROBT. GOWER, 
H. D.GIBSON, 
THOMAS SEELEY, 
A. H. MARVIN, 
J. H. EMERSON, 
R. L. B. CLARKE, 
JAMES A. YOUNG, 
D. H. SOLOMON, 



SIGNERS: 

M. W. ROBINSON. 

LEWIS TODHUNTER, 

JOHN EDWARDS, 

J. C. TRAER, 

JAMES F. WILSON, 

AMOS HARRIS, 

JOHNT. CLARKE, 

S. AYRES, 

HARVEY J. SKIFl?, 

J. A. PARVIN, 

W. PENN. CLARK, 

JER. HOLLINGS WORTH, 

WM. PATTERSON, 

D. W.PRICE, 

ALPHEUS SCOTT, 

GEO. GILLASPY, 

EDWARD JOHNSON. 

FRANCIS SPRINGER, Pres. 



Attest: 



TH. J. SAUNDERS, Sec'y. 
E. N. BATES, Ass't. Sec'y. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[ Went into operation on the first Wednesday in March, 1789. J 

PREAMBLE. 

Wk, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 

establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 

promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 

our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 

America. 

ARTICLE I. 

OP THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 

OP THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State 
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including 
those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York 
six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia 
ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and 
shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

OP THE SENATE. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Sen- 
ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the 
second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expi- 
ration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if 
vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but 
shall have no vote, unless they shall be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and shall have a President pro tempore, 
in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for 
that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United 
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, 
under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 

HANNEB OP ELECTING MEMBERS. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing Senators. 

CONGRESS TO ASSEMBLE ANNUALLY. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall 
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

POWERS. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications 
of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 
to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for 
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-tbirds, expel a member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish 
the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of 
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the 
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two houses shall be sitting. 

COMPENSATION, ETC., OP MEMBERS. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. 
They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged 
from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be 
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

MANNER OP PASSING BILLS, ETC. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- 
tives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, 
shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to 



188 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

that house In which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two- 
thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
law, In like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall 
take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

POWER OF CONGRESS. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general wel- 
fare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and 
with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the stan- 
dard of weights and measures; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
of the United States; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times 
to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offenses against the law of nations; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning 
captures on land and water; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be 
for a longer term than two years; 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
insurrections and repel invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing 
such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving 
to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- 
ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive legislation En all cases whatsoever, over such district (not 
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the accept- 
ance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of 
the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dockyards and other needful buildings; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
tion the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF CONGRESS. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now 
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed 
on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in 
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census 
or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropria- 
tions made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi - 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding 
any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince or foreign State. 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL STATES. 

Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing 
but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts or grant any title of 
nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on 
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on 
imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 
EXECUTIVE POWER. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and 
together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

MANNER OF ELECTING. 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to 
which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an elector. 

(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
sons, of whom one at least shall not bean inhabitant of the same State as them- 
selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number 
of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 



190 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and 
if do person have a majority, then from the five highest on tlie list the said House 
shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two 
or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-Presdent.*) 

TIME OF CHOOSING ELECTORS. 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

WHO ELIGIBLE. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the 
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

WHEN THE PRESIDENT'S POWER DEVOLVES ON THE VICE-PRESIDENT. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or 
inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, 
declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accor- 
dingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

PRESIDENT'S COMPENSATION. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation 
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emol- 
ument from the United States, or any of them. 

OATH. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or 
affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

POWERS AND DUTIES. 

Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of 
the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual 
service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi- 
pal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and 
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make 
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi- 
nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the 
appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, 
in the Courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

* Altered by the 12th Amendment, See page 322. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 191 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect 
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

OFFICERS REMOVED. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 
OF THE JUDICIARY. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in 
office. 

Sec. 2. (The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between 
citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, ancl foreign 
States, citizens or subjects.*) 

JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those 
In which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appel- 
late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
regulations as the Congress shall make. 

OF TRIALS FOR CRIMES. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and 
such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
ted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or 
places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

OF TREASON. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying wai 
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no 
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

STATE ACTS. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, 
records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by 
general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings 
shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

* Altered by the 1 1th Amendment. See page 322. 



102 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immum\ 
ties of citizens In the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee 
from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive 
authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

RUNAWAYS TO BE DELIVERED UP. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping 
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
such service or labor may be due. 

NEW STATES. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no 
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor 
any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, with- 
out the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

TERRITORIAL AND OTHER PROPERTY. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and 
regulations respecting, the territory, or other property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republi- 
can form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion , and, on 
application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be 
convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 
AMENDMENTS. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures 
of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing amend- 
ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this 
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided, that no amendment which may 
be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any man- 
ner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 
DEBTS. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as 
under the Confederation. 

SUPREME LAW OP THE LAND. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pur- 
suance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every 
State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
the contrary notwithstanding. 

OATH.— NO RELIGIOUS TEST. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members ot the 
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support 
this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office, or public trust, under the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 193 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estab- 
lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seven- 
teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President, and Deputy from Virginia. 

New Hampshire— John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts— Nathaniel 
Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
New York— Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey— William Livingston, David Brear- 
ley, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania — Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Inger- 
soll , James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Delaware— George Read, Gunning Bedford, 
Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. Maryland— James M'Henry, 
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia— John Blair, James Madison, 
Jr. North Carolina — William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
South Carolina — John Rutledge, Chas. Cotes worth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. Georgia— William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 

Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

[The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress at their first session, in 
1789. The eleventh was proposed in 1794, and the twelfth in 1803.] 

ARTICLE I. 
FREE EXERCISE OP RELIGION. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for 
a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 
RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 
NO SOLDIER TO BE BILLETED, ETC. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent 
of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

UNREASONABLE SEARCHES PROHIBITED. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, 
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants 
shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particu- 
larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or 
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice 



194 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF IOWA. 

in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a 
witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due 
process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just com- 
pensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

MODE OP TRIAL. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con- 
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 
RIGHT OP TRIAL BY JURY. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall 
be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States than according to the 
rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

BAIL.— PINES. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and 
unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

POWERS RESERVED. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

LIMITATION OP JUDICIAL POWER. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any 
suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII. 

ELECTION OP PRESIDENT. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons 
voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of 
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest 
number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such a majority, 
then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list 
of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
diately by ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be 
taken by States, the representatives from each State having one vote; a quorum 
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 195 

House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other Con- 
stitutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose 
shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no person Constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
[Ratified in 1865.] 
ARTICLE XIII. 
Sec. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the 
United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 

[Ratified in 1868.] 
ARTICLE XIV. 
Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges 
and immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any 
person of life, liberty cr property, without due process of law, nor deny to any 
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according 
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State 
excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for 
Sectors of President and Vice-President, or United States Representatives in 
Congress, executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature there- 
of, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for par- 
ticipation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be 
reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall near to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in that State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress elector of 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United 
States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- 
ture or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution 
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may by a vote 
of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, 
including debts incurred for the payment ot pensions and bounties for service in 
suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim lor the loss 
or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be 
illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation 
the provisions of this article. 

[Ratified in 1870.] 
ARTICLE XV. 
Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account ot race, color or previous 
condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
legislation. * 



INDEX. 



UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED THE FIGURES REFER TO PARAGRAPHS. 



Adjournment of Court 132 

Adjutant General _ Ill 

Admission of Iowa 20 

Agricultural College and Farm, establishment 265 

Attendance and tuition 266 

Object, schools or courses 267 

Allison, Hon. Wra.B.. ._ 299, 300 

Appropriations _ 72 

Articles of Confederation __ _ _ ___2, 3, 5 

Articles of Incorporation _ 231 

Assessor, Township, duties 208 

Compensation _ 209 

City, duties, number, etc 241 

Attainder, Bill of _ 36 

Attorney General, constitution provides. 119 

Duties _ 123 

Election and bond 124 

Auditor, of State, duties .., _ 97 

County, duties 172 

Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, establishment 283 

Object and management _ 284 

Bail _ 35 

Base Lines.. 251 

Basil Giard 14-1 

Bill of Rights 25 

Bills 66 

Become law, processes 67-1-2-3 

Board of Canvassers, State _. 117 

County 166 

City or Town 235 

Board of Equalization, State 118 

196 



INDEX. 197 

Board of Equalization, County. 165 

Township _ 204 

City or Town 236 

Board of Health, State 104 

Township 202 

City or Town _ 236 

Board of Supervisors, Power to legislate 159 

Number, organization, sessions, etc 160 

Powers of - 161 

Submit questions, etc . . .. 162 

Special duties 163 

Keep books 164 

Board of Equalization.. 165 

Board of Canvassers 166 

Bonds, of State officers 115 

County officers 193 

Township and school officers. _ 227 

Treasurers of State institutions _ 293 

Upon what conditioned _ 294 

Capital of State, location of _ 21 

Census, Taking of _ 57 

Certificate of Election of U. S. Senator 74-1 

City or Town Council, number _ 234 

Powers -. -. 235 

General control of city or town 236 

City or Town Council, term of office _ 237 

Compensation 238 

Cities and Towns, need of stronger government _. 230 

Special and extensive powers granted to 231 

Classification of_ _ ___ 232 

Classification of powers. . _ _ 233 

Citizenship Restored ._ 292 

Challenges to Jury 150 

Change of Trial 132 

Chief Magistrate _ 78 

Civil Engineer 245 

Clerk of Supreme Court, duties ._ 125 

Election 126 

Clerk of District and Circuit Court, Powers and duties 142 

Clerk or Recorder, duties- 244 



198 INDEX. 

College for the Blind, Establishment and control 274 

Object 275 

Commandant ___ 81 

Commander-in-Chief _ 81 

Commissioners, in other states 96 

of Pharmacy _. 103 

of Insanity, number, etc _ ._ 189 

Powers.-. 190 

Compensation , members of General Assembly 59 

State officials Pages 93 and 94 

Constable, duties 210 

Compensation ._ 211 

Constitution, framed and ratified 5 

Defined _ __. 6 

Constitutional Conventions _ _ _ 20, 22 

Contested Election, of members of General Assembly. . 65 

Governor or Lieutenant Governor _ _ 79 

Coroner, duties 186 

Makes returns to District Court _ 187 

Compensation 188 

Correction Lines . _ _ _ _. 254 

County, organization.. 154 

A division of the State _- 155 

Seat - 156 

Distribution of powers 157 

Officers, election, bond, etc _ 158, 193 

Treasurer, duties _ 167 

Makes sworn statement _ 168 

Remits money 169 

Settles with Board of Supervisors 170 

Compensation _ 171 

Auditor, duties 172 

Calls special meetings of Board of Supervisors 173 

Compensation 174 

Superintendent, duties - 175 

Discretionary powers 176 

Clerk, duties - 177 

Has charge of wills.. _ 178 

Compensation 179 

Recorder, duties 182 



INDEX. 199 

County Recorder, Compensation 183 

Surveyor, duties ___ 184 

Compensation 185 

Courts 198 

Court, Supreme, where held, number of Judges, adjournment- 120 

Judges, election 121 

Powers and duties, jurisdiction __ 122 

District, establishment, jurisdiction, etc. 128 

Circuit, establishment, jurisdiction 129 

County officers 192 

Court, time and terms _ _ 130 

Adjournment 132 

Mayor's, general duties and powers 247 

Police, jurisdiction and compensation 248 

Superior, establishment and jurisdiction. 249 

Courts 119 

Departments of Government 43 

Legislative, Executive, Judicial 44 

Deputies 194 

Description of Townships 253 

Diminution of sentence - 292 

Discoveries 12 

Disqualification .__ 61 

District Attorney 119 

Appears in courts 138 

Gives written opinion 139 

Election and bond .._ 140 

Duties in general 141 

Judge 128 

Divisions of sections 256 

Duelling 29 

Drawing salaries .__ 60 

Education, encouragement to __ .23, 24 

Election, of State officers. 47, 114 

Governor contested 79 

County officers 192 

United States Senators _ 74 

Electors of President, number, how convened 302 

Fill vacancies. _ 303 

Casting their votes., 304 



200 INDEX. 

Electors of President, Make out lists. _ 305 

Take precaution against fraud 306 

Eligibility of Representatives, Senators, Governor 46 

Executive Council, who compose it, duties _ 116 

Officers -_ __ 77 

Expenditures _ 71 

Ex-post facto Laws 36 

Federal Power _ 7 

First Continental Congress 2 

Fish Commissioner . . 101 

General Assembly, consists of 48 

Sessions, special sessions. 49 

Oath of members _ _ 58 

Compensation of members .._ 59 

Members draw salary 60 

Disqualification. _ _ 61 

Restricted _ 62 

Privilege - 63 

Powers and duties of each House 64 

Contested elections 65 

Vacancies 69 

Officers 75 

Government of the District of Louisiana 16 

Governor, Eligibility _ 46 

Failure to elect . 73 

Election 47, 80, 114 

Term of office 80 

Commander-in-Chief 81 

Convenes General Assembly. 83 

Biennial message 83-1 

Adjourns General Assembly 83-2 

Resignation 83-3 

Grants pardons, reprieves, etc 84 

Grants patents and commissions _. 85 

Condemns real estate 86 

Issues proclamation for election 87 

Calls special election 88 

Fills vacancies in United States Senate 89 

Visits Penitentiaries 90 

Performs various duties 91 



INDEX. 201 

Governor, Investigates State officials ...__ 108 

Appoints Notaries Public. 109 

Fills other vacancies .. __ 110 

Appoints Adjutant General _ 111 

Appoints Railroad Commissioners _ 112 

Governors of Iowa 295 

Grand Jury, number, drawing, etc 149 

Makes special inquiry _ 153 

Grants of land for educational purposes _. 23 

Habeas Corpus. 36 

Historical Society .._ . 106 

Honori ._ 14-2 

Hospital for the Insane, at Mt. Pleasant __ 279 

at Independence ._ __ __ 280 

at Clarinda 281 

Government and object 282 

House, organization of _ 51 

Impeachment, power of ___ 70 

Incorporated Towns _ 232 

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, establishment and object.. 272 

Board of Trustees _. 273 

Insurance Company ._ 97 

Iowa, a State _ 21 

Judge, Police .._ 245 

Jurisdiction, compensation _ 248 

Judges, Supreme Court, number, Chief Justice, etc... 120 

Names of. - 297 

Election 121 

District Court, jurisdiction of, not eligible to other office 128 

Circuit Court, jurisdiction 129 

District and Circuit Court, election of. 131 

May adjourn court, etc _ __ 132 

Restrictions upon 133 

Oath 134 

Powers and duties.. _ 135 

May be witnesses ___ _.. 136 

Punishment 137 

Jurisdiction of Supreme Court 122 

District Court 128 

Circuit Court 129 



202 INDEX. 

Jurors, qualifications and exemption 145 

Excused by the Judge 146 

Failure to attend court 147 

Lists returned 148 

Drawing, number, term _ 149 

Selecting to fill up jury box _. 150 

Duties 151 

Powers and privileges of Grand Jurors -152, 153 

In Justice's court _ 229 

Jury Box, filling up __ 150 

Justice of the Peace 198 

Jurisdiction, number, etc 228 

Duties and powers.- 229 

Laws, take effect when 56 

Legislative authority - 48 

Legislators, ratio and division 52 

Legislators, restrictions 62 

Privileges _ 63 

Powers and duties 64 

Liberty of Speech _ 30 

Lieutenant Governor, act as Governor when _ 92 

President of the Senate 75, 93 

Librarian 105 

Local Self Government 1, 11 

Louisiana Purchase 13 

Marshal, how chosen, duties 242 

Mayor, term of office, compensation _ _ 237 

Duties 239 

Vacancy -- - - 240 

Mayor's Court, general duties and powers _ 247 

Military - 37 

Militia, what it consists of ___ 82 

Mine Inspector 102 

Muir, Doctor 14-4 

Napoleon -- 12 

Need of Stronger Government.. _ 2 

Newspapers, selection 191 

Normal School, establishment 268 

Board of Trustees 269 

Special object 270 



INDEX. 203 

Normal School, Courses of study 271 

Notary Public - 96, 109 

Office, tenure of 47 

Oath of 58 

At the seat of government ._ 114 

Officers, Appointed by City Council 246 

Furnished with offices, etc. _ 114 

Filled by Ladies - 197 

Organizations for the Administration of Justice 42 

Patents - --- 85 

Pardons _ 84 

Penitentiary, at Ft. Madison 288 

At Anamasa 289 

Wardens of 290 

Other officers - 291 

Good behavior of prisoners _-_ 292 

Personal Security 32 

Petition -39, 198 

Police Judge, election 245 

Court, jurisdiction, compensation 248 

Power of, the United States --. 7 

State - _ 8 

the people _ - 10 

Power, source of political - 27 

Powers, separation of - 45 

granted cities and towns 231 

Powers and duties of each House — 64 

Presiding Officers 75 

Privileges __. 63 

Principal Meridians ___ 251 

Proclamation for Election _ _ 87 

Quorum of each House 68 

Board of Supervisors _ _-- 160 

Railroad Commissioners, appointment, number 112 

Duties _ _ 113 

Ranges and Townships 252 

Ratio and Division of Legislators. _ - - 52 

Receipts and Expenditures _ _ 71 

Reform School, establishment- 285 

Management and control .,.„,.„, 286 



204 INDEX. 

Reform School, Object 287 

Religion, religious test 28 

Reporter, Supreme Court, election, etc __. 127 

Short Hand, apportionment and duties 143 

Representatives, eligibility 46 

Number, apportionment _ 54 

Oath of office - 58 

Compensation _ _ 59 

Power of impeachment __ 70 

In the United States Congress 296 

Restrictions, upon members of the General Assembly 62 

Result of such union 4 

Right of suffrage _ _ 40 

Rights of persons 26 

Road Supervisor, require work _ 212 

Keep roads in repair ... _ 213 

Compensation 214 

Salaries, drawing _ 60 

of State officers . Pages 93 and 94 

Savings bank 97 

School Board, classes 217 

Organizes _ 216 

Duties of President 215 

Secretary _ _ 218 

Compensation. 219 

Treasurer, duties _.. 220 

Compensation _ 221 

Powers _ 222 

Duties 223 

School Fund, perpetual 24 

Second Continental Congress 2 

Secretary of State, charge of documents — 94 

Prints and distributes documents .-_ 95 

General duties _ . 96 

Sections, numbering 255 

Divisions - 256 

Senate, organization of _ 50 

Separation of powers 45 

Servitude.. 39 

Settlements 14 



INDEX. 205 

Sheriff, duties.. 120, 144, 180 

Compensation.... _ 181 

Short-Hand Reporter, appointment and duties 143 

Soldiers' Orphans' Home,, establishment 276 

Divisions 277 

Object and management.. __ 378 

Solicitor ... _ _ 245 

Speaker of the House. _ 75 

Special election . ._ 88 

Sessions of General Assembly. .. 49 

Board of Supervisors 160 

Standing Committees ■__ 76 

States, sovereign and independent 9 

Street Commissioner _ "245 

Sub-Director, duties 224 

Superintendent, of Markets 245 

Public Instruction, duties 99 

Supervision of County Superintendents _ 100 

County, duties, etc 175, 176 

Weights and Measures 107 

Superior Court, establishment, jurisdiction _ _ 249 

Supreme Court, election, powers, duties, etc .120, 121, 122 

Surveys 250 

Teacher, duties _ 225 

Territory of Iowa 17 

Territorial Legislature 18 

Governors _ 19 

Township and school officers. 226 

Township, departments of government _ 199 

Divisions of county 200 

Distribution 201 

Trustees, powers. 202 

Consolidate road districts 203 

Duties. 204 

Compensation 205 

Clerk, duties. 206 

Compensation. 207 

Assessor, duties _ 208 

Compensation _ _ 209 

Officers, election, term of office 226 



206 INDEX. 

Township, Officers, Bonds ._ 227 

Description of _ 253 

Traders _ 14-3 

Treason, denned _ _ _ _ 38 

Treasurer of State, duties _ 98 

County. _ 167, 168, 169, 170, 171 

City or town _ 243 

Treaties __ 15 

Trial by Jury 33 

Speedy 34 

Uniform laws 31 

United Colonies of New England 1 

United States Senators, election 74 

University, grant of lands to 259 

Establishment _ 260 

Reorganized _ 261 

Board of Regents _. _ 262 

Object 263 

Departments - _ -_ _ 264 

Vacancies- --- - - - 69 

Vacancies, U. S. Senate - _. 89 

Wardens of Penitentiaries 290 

Washington, George _ 5 

Weakness of the Confederation 3 

Weights and Measures, Superintendent _ 107 

Wilson, Hon. Jas. F 299, 301 



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